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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism by which non-opioid analgesics alleviate pain?
What is the primary mechanism by which non-opioid analgesics alleviate pain?
What is the primary mechanism through which local anesthetics exert their effect?
What is the primary mechanism through which local anesthetics exert their effect?
Which condition is characterized by a buildup of fluid in the eye, leading to possible vision loss?
Which condition is characterized by a buildup of fluid in the eye, leading to possible vision loss?
Which of the following is NOT a common amino amide local anesthetic?
Which of the following is NOT a common amino amide local anesthetic?
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What effect do anxiolytics have on the limbic system in the brain?
What effect do anxiolytics have on the limbic system in the brain?
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Which symptom is typical after application of a local anesthetic?
Which symptom is typical after application of a local anesthetic?
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What type of compounds are monoamines?
What type of compounds are monoamines?
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What is a common side effect associated with non-opioid analgesics?
What is a common side effect associated with non-opioid analgesics?
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Local anesthetics have limited indications primarily due to their:
Local anesthetics have limited indications primarily due to their:
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Which disorder is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness due to an inability to regulate sleep patterns?
Which disorder is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness due to an inability to regulate sleep patterns?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is classified as a monoamine?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is classified as a monoamine?
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Which local anesthetic is well-known for causing vasodilation?
Which local anesthetic is well-known for causing vasodilation?
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What is the potential consequence of nonselective inhibition by local anesthetics?
What is the potential consequence of nonselective inhibition by local anesthetics?
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What is primarily affected by non-narcotic agents?
What is primarily affected by non-narcotic agents?
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Which of the following best describes the role of acetylcholinesterase?
Which of the following best describes the role of acetylcholinesterase?
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What system do adrenergic agents affect to trigger an alert state in the body?
What system do adrenergic agents affect to trigger an alert state in the body?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the regulation of arousal and attention?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the regulation of arousal and attention?
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CNS stimulants primarily function by increasing the availability of which neurotransmitter?
CNS stimulants primarily function by increasing the availability of which neurotransmitter?
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What is a primary effect of GABA in the central nervous system?
What is a primary effect of GABA in the central nervous system?
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Prostaglandins are known to affect which of the following bodily functions?
Prostaglandins are known to affect which of the following bodily functions?
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How do cholinergic agents affect acetylcholine levels?
How do cholinergic agents affect acetylcholine levels?
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What describes the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
What describes the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
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Despite their roles, what is a common misconception about anti-convulsants?
Despite their roles, what is a common misconception about anti-convulsants?
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What role does serotonin primarily play in the body?
What role does serotonin primarily play in the body?
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Which of the following conditions is primarily linked to serotonin imbalance?
Which of the following conditions is primarily linked to serotonin imbalance?
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What is the primary function of the thalamus in the central nervous system?
What is the primary function of the thalamus in the central nervous system?
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What effect do sedatives have on the thalamus and cortex?
What effect do sedatives have on the thalamus and cortex?
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Dopamine is known to act as which of the following?
Dopamine is known to act as which of the following?
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What primarily characterizes ADHD symptoms?
What primarily characterizes ADHD symptoms?
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How do anti-depressants primarily function in the brain?
How do anti-depressants primarily function in the brain?
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Which neurotransmitter is referred to as the 'happy' chemical due to its role in emotions and well-being?
Which neurotransmitter is referred to as the 'happy' chemical due to its role in emotions and well-being?
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Which class of medications acts on both sigma and mu receptors?
Which class of medications acts on both sigma and mu receptors?
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Which of the following is NOT a function associated with dopamine?
Which of the following is NOT a function associated with dopamine?
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What role does acetylcholine have in the context of sedatives and hypnotics?
What role does acetylcholine have in the context of sedatives and hypnotics?
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Which of the following is a function attributed to the thalamus?
Which of the following is a function attributed to the thalamus?
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What is one of the common effects of highly addictive drugs like cocaine?
What is one of the common effects of highly addictive drugs like cocaine?
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What behavior is often observed in individuals with ADHD?
What behavior is often observed in individuals with ADHD?
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Which class of receptors is primarily involved in the actions of antipsychotics?
Which class of receptors is primarily involved in the actions of antipsychotics?
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Which receptor type is involved in modulating different physiological functions?
Which receptor type is involved in modulating different physiological functions?
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In which way do hypnotics differ from sedatives?
In which way do hypnotics differ from sedatives?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for regulating mood and anxiety as well as pain?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for regulating mood and anxiety as well as pain?
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What neurotransmitter's levels are affected by anti-depressants through monoamine oxidase inhibition?
What neurotransmitter's levels are affected by anti-depressants through monoamine oxidase inhibition?
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How does increasing GABA levels impact the brain's activity?
How does increasing GABA levels impact the brain's activity?
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Study Notes
Local Anesthetics
- Local anesthetics prevent nerve signals from reaching the brain
- They work by decreasing axonal conduction
- They cause a nonselective inhibition of axonal conduction
- They suppress nerve transmission
- They are valuable but have limited applications
Drugs Used as Local Anesthetics
- Amino amides: Bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine, and ropivacaine
- Amino esters: Benzocaine, chloroprocaine, cocaine, procaine, and tetracaine
Monoamine Neurotransmitters
- Monoamines are compounds with a single amine group in their molecule
- Serotonin: A calming chemical regulating mood, anxiety, sleep, appetite, sexuality, and pain. Imbalances can lead to depression and anxiety. Medications can increase serotonin levels by inhibiting reuptake.
- Dopamine: Acting as a "pleasure chemical," it's released in response to rewards, including food and drugs. It's involved in feelings of pleasure, attention, mood, sleep, concentration, memory, and motivation. Diseases relating to dysfunction in the dopamine system include Parkinson's disease; some highly addictive drugs act on dopamine circuits
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- ADHD is a common mental disorder in children
- Symptoms include inattention (difficulty focusing), impulsivity (acting rashly without thinking), and hyperactivity (excessive movement inappropriate to the setting)
Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology - Sub-classifications
- Narcotic analgesics: Act on sigma and mu receptors to reduce the patient's perception of pain
- Non-narcotic agents: Reduce the level of prostaglandin synthesis and reduce the inflammatory response
- Cholinergic agents: Increase or decrease acetylcholine levels
- Adrenergic agents: Affect the sympathetic nervous system
- CNS stimulants: Increase the amount of norepinephrine, increasing cellular impulse transmission
CNS Pharmacology (Continued)
- Anti-convulsants: Either increase Na+ evacuation or inhibit its entry into cells, increasing GABA or decreasing acetylcholine
- Sedatives and hypnotics: Reduce activity in the thalamus and cortex; hypnotics induce sleep, sedatives induce calmness
- Anti-depressants: Increase norepinephrine and serotonin levels, or inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO), which breaks down the neurotransmitters
- GABA: Slowing down brain activity and producing a calming effect; it blocks specific signals in the CNS
- Thalamus and cortex: The thalamus relays information from the body's senses to the cortex; the cortex is responsible for interpreting the sensory information. The thalamus also plays a role in consciousness, wakefulness, sleep, learning, and memory
- Serotonin: A monoamine neurotransmitter called the "happy chemical"; affecting mood, emotions, digestion, and appetite.
Antipsychotics
- Block dopamine receptors in the brain or reduce responsiveness of the medulla
Anxiolytics
- Alter responses in the limbic center or increase GABA levels
Analgesics- Non-opioid
- Include salicylates (aspirin), para-aminophenals (Tylenol), and Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, to reduce pain and fever
Glaucoma
- A common eye condition
- Damage to the optic nerve
- Caused by fluid buildup in front part of the eye
- Increased pressure inside the eye
- Potentially leads to vision loss
Narcolepsy
- A rare long-term brain condition
- Prevents people from choosing when to sleep or wake
- The brain is unable to regulate sleeping patterns
- Leads to excessive daytime sleepiness, difficulty concentrating and staying awake
Anti-convulsants
- Mechanisms to depress the discharge of abnormally-firing neurons
- Include hydantoins, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines
- Side effects include nystagmus, drowsiness, hypotension, and respiratory depression
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Description
Test your knowledge on the mechanisms and effects of local anesthetics and non-opioid analgesics in this pharmacology quiz. Explore the characteristics of common anesthetics, their side effects, and their classifications as you challenge your understanding of pain management and related conditions.
