Pharmacology Quiz: Local Anesthetics & Analgesics
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism by which non-opioid analgesics alleviate pain?

  • Inhibition of serotonin reuptake
  • Increasing dopamine production
  • Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis (correct)
  • Enhancing acetylcholine release

What is the primary mechanism through which local anesthetics exert their effect?

  • Decreasing axonal conduction (correct)
  • Increasing axonal conduction
  • Blocking neurotransmitter release
  • Enhancing pain perception

Which condition is characterized by a buildup of fluid in the eye, leading to possible vision loss?

  • Glaucoma (correct)
  • Adverse drug reaction
  • Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
  • Narcolepsy

Which of the following is NOT a common amino amide local anesthetic?

<p>Cocaine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do anxiolytics have on the limbic system in the brain?

<p>They alter responses by increasing GABA levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is typical after application of a local anesthetic?

<p>Inability to feel pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of compounds are monoamines?

<p>Compounds with a single amine group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect associated with non-opioid analgesics?

<p>GI problems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Local anesthetics have limited indications primarily due to their:

<p>Nonselective inhibition of axonal conduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness due to an inability to regulate sleep patterns?

<p>Narcolepsy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is classified as a monoamine?

<p>Dopamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which local anesthetic is well-known for causing vasodilation?

<p>Cocaine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of nonselective inhibition by local anesthetics?

<p>Altered sensory experiences beyond pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily affected by non-narcotic agents?

<p>Nociception of pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of acetylcholinesterase?

<p>It hydrolyzes acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What system do adrenergic agents affect to trigger an alert state in the body?

<p>Sympathetic nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the regulation of arousal and attention?

<p>Norepinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

CNS stimulants primarily function by increasing the availability of which neurotransmitter?

<p>Norepinephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary effect of GABA in the central nervous system?

<p>Slows down brain activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prostaglandins are known to affect which of the following bodily functions?

<p>Inflammation and pain response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cholinergic agents affect acetylcholine levels?

<p>They either increase or decrease available acetylcholine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

<p>They have opposite but complementary roles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Despite their roles, what is a common misconception about anti-convulsants?

<p>They provide a calming effect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does serotonin primarily play in the body?

<p>Regulating sleep patterns and appetite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is primarily linked to serotonin imbalance?

<p>Chronic pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thalamus in the central nervous system?

<p>Processing sensory information from all senses except smell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do sedatives have on the thalamus and cortex?

<p>They reduce activity in both areas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dopamine is known to act as which of the following?

<p>Pleasure chemical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes ADHD symptoms?

<p>Inattention and hyperactivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do anti-depressants primarily function in the brain?

<p>By either increasing serotonin and norepinephrine levels or inhibiting MAO production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is referred to as the 'happy' chemical due to its role in emotions and well-being?

<p>Serotonin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medications acts on both sigma and mu receptors?

<p>Narcotic analgesics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function associated with dopamine?

<p>Regulating body temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does acetylcholine have in the context of sedatives and hypnotics?

<p>It is inhibited to promote calmness and sleep (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function attributed to the thalamus?

<p>Playing a role in learning and memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the common effects of highly addictive drugs like cocaine?

<p>Activating brain's dopamine circuits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is often observed in individuals with ADHD?

<p>Rash acts occurring without thought (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of receptors is primarily involved in the actions of antipsychotics?

<p>G protein-coupled receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor type is involved in modulating different physiological functions?

<p>Sigma receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which way do hypnotics differ from sedatives?

<p>Hypnotics specifically induce sleep, while sedatives reduce activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for regulating mood and anxiety as well as pain?

<p>Serotonin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter's levels are affected by anti-depressants through monoamine oxidase inhibition?

<p>Norepinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does increasing GABA levels impact the brain's activity?

<p>It reduces activity in the thalamus and cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Local Anesthetics

Drugs that temporarily block nerve signals in a specific area of the body, preventing pain sensation.

Axonal Conduction

The process by which electrical signals travel along a nerve fiber.

Local Anesthetic Actions

Local anesthetics inhibit nerve signal transmission, reducing pain.

Amino Amides

A class of local anesthetics that are commonly used in medical settings

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Amino Esters

Another class of local anesthetics

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Monamines

A compound with a single amine group

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Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that transmit signals between nerve cells.

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Types of Local Anesthetics

Classified as Amino Amides or Amino Esters

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Non-narcotic pain relievers

Drugs that reduce pain by decreasing prostaglandin production.

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Serotonin

A calming chemical that regulates mood, anxiety, sleep patterns, appetite, sexuality, and pain.

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Prostaglandins

Hormone-like substances affecting inflammation, pain, and uterine contractions, among other functions.

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Serotonin Imbalance

An imbalance of serotonin can lead to depression, anxiety, and chronic pain.

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Cholinergic agents

Drugs that affect acetylcholine levels in the body, either increasing or decreasing them.

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Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter, acting as a chemical messenger between nerve cells.

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Dopamine System Dysfunction

Dysfunctions in the dopamine system can lead to diseases like Parkinson's disease.

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Acetylcholinesterase

An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine.

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ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)

A common mental disorder in children characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.

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Inattention (ADHD)

Inability to sustain focus or concentration.

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Adrenergic agents

Drugs affecting the sympathetic nervous system, related to the 'fight or flight' response.

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Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter associated with arousal, attention, and stress reactions.

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Impulsivity (ADHD)

Acting rashly without thinking.

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CNS stimulants

Drugs that increase the amount of norepinephrine, improving cellular impulse transmission.

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Hyperactivity (ADHD)

Excessive, inappropriate movement.

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Anti-convulsants

Drugs that calm brain activity, often used to treat seizures.

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Sigma (σ) Receptors

Bind to certain drugs with high affinity, playing a role in various physiological functions.

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GABA

A neurotransmitter that slows down brain activity, producing a calming effect.

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Mu (μ) Receptors

Neuroreceptors involved in modulating several physiological functions

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How do Sedatives work?

Sedatives reduce activity in the thalamus and cortex, calming the recipient.

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What does the thalamus do?

The thalamus is the body's information relay station, processing sensory information before sending it to the cortex.

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How do Antidepressants work?

They either increase serotonin & norepinephrine levels or inhibit MAO, which breaks down these neurotransmitters.

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What is Serotonin's role?

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter associated with mood, emotions, digestion, and appetite. It's considered the 'happy' chemical.

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What's the function of Dopamine Receptors?

They are G protein-coupled receptors prominently found in the central nervous system.

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How do Sedatives and Hypnotics differ?

Sedatives induce calmness while hypnotics induce sleep, both by reducing activity in the thalamus and cortex.

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What is the role of GABA?

GABA is a neurotransmitter that helps regulate nerve activity.

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What is the relationship between GABA and Sedatives?

Sedatives often work by increasing GABA levels, which reduces nerve activity.

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What is the role of Acetylcholine?

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement, memory, and learning.

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How do some Sedatives work?

Some sedatives reduce acetylcholine levels, leading to a calming effect.

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Anxiolytics: Mechanism

Anxiolytics work by altering responses in the limbic system (emotional and behavioural responses) or by increasing GABA levels, which can have a calming effect.

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What do Anxiolytics block?

Anxiolytics block dopamine receptors in the brain, which can reduce the effects of dopamine. This might help reduce anxiety symptoms by decreasing arousal and reward pathways.

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Glaucoma: What causes it?

Glaucoma is caused by fluid buildup in the front part of the eye, which increases pressure inside the eye. This pressure can damage the optic nerve, leading to vision loss.

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Narcolepsy: Core Issue

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder where the brain is unable to regulate sleep and wake patterns. This leads to excessive daytime sleepiness, difficulty concentrating, and sudden sleep episodes.

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Anti-convulsants: Mechanism

Anti-convulsants depress the discharge of abnormally firing neurons. They work by different mechanisms, but their main goal is to prevent or reduce seizures by calming down overactive neurons.

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Study Notes

Local Anesthetics

  • Local anesthetics prevent nerve signals from reaching the brain
  • They work by decreasing axonal conduction
  • They cause a nonselective inhibition of axonal conduction
  • They suppress nerve transmission
  • They are valuable but have limited applications

Drugs Used as Local Anesthetics

  • Amino amides: Bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine, and ropivacaine
  • Amino esters: Benzocaine, chloroprocaine, cocaine, procaine, and tetracaine

Monoamine Neurotransmitters

  • Monoamines are compounds with a single amine group in their molecule
  • Serotonin: A calming chemical regulating mood, anxiety, sleep, appetite, sexuality, and pain. Imbalances can lead to depression and anxiety. Medications can increase serotonin levels by inhibiting reuptake.
  • Dopamine: Acting as a "pleasure chemical," it's released in response to rewards, including food and drugs. It's involved in feelings of pleasure, attention, mood, sleep, concentration, memory, and motivation. Diseases relating to dysfunction in the dopamine system include Parkinson's disease; some highly addictive drugs act on dopamine circuits

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

  • ADHD is a common mental disorder in children
  • Symptoms include inattention (difficulty focusing), impulsivity (acting rashly without thinking), and hyperactivity (excessive movement inappropriate to the setting)

Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology - Sub-classifications

  • Narcotic analgesics: Act on sigma and mu receptors to reduce the patient's perception of pain
  • Non-narcotic agents: Reduce the level of prostaglandin synthesis and reduce the inflammatory response
  • Cholinergic agents: Increase or decrease acetylcholine levels
  • Adrenergic agents: Affect the sympathetic nervous system
  • CNS stimulants: Increase the amount of norepinephrine, increasing cellular impulse transmission

CNS Pharmacology (Continued)

  • Anti-convulsants: Either increase Na+ evacuation or inhibit its entry into cells, increasing GABA or decreasing acetylcholine
  • Sedatives and hypnotics: Reduce activity in the thalamus and cortex; hypnotics induce sleep, sedatives induce calmness
  • Anti-depressants: Increase norepinephrine and serotonin levels, or inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO), which breaks down the neurotransmitters
  • GABA: Slowing down brain activity and producing a calming effect; it blocks specific signals in the CNS
  • Thalamus and cortex: The thalamus relays information from the body's senses to the cortex; the cortex is responsible for interpreting the sensory information. The thalamus also plays a role in consciousness, wakefulness, sleep, learning, and memory
  • Serotonin: A monoamine neurotransmitter called the "happy chemical"; affecting mood, emotions, digestion, and appetite.

Antipsychotics

  • Block dopamine receptors in the brain or reduce responsiveness of the medulla

Anxiolytics

  • Alter responses in the limbic center or increase GABA levels

Analgesics- Non-opioid

  • Include salicylates (aspirin), para-aminophenals (Tylenol), and Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
  • Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, to reduce pain and fever

Glaucoma

  • A common eye condition
  • Damage to the optic nerve
  • Caused by fluid buildup in front part of the eye
  • Increased pressure inside the eye
  • Potentially leads to vision loss

Narcolepsy

  • A rare long-term brain condition
  • Prevents people from choosing when to sleep or wake
  • The brain is unable to regulate sleeping patterns
  • Leads to excessive daytime sleepiness, difficulty concentrating and staying awake

Anti-convulsants

  • Mechanisms to depress the discharge of abnormally-firing neurons
  • Include hydantoins, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines
  • Side effects include nystagmus, drowsiness, hypotension, and respiratory depression

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Description

Test your knowledge on the mechanisms and effects of local anesthetics and non-opioid analgesics in this pharmacology quiz. Explore the characteristics of common anesthetics, their side effects, and their classifications as you challenge your understanding of pain management and related conditions.

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