Pharmacology Quiz: Diuretics and Medications

The diuretic drug inhibits the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporters (NKCC2) in the nephron.

Two common indications are hypertension and treatment for edema.

Potential side effects include increased urination, electrolyte disturbance, and dehydration.

<p>Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sildenafil is used for pulmonary arterial hypertension and erectile dysfunction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sildenafil is typically administered orally, but injectable formulations are also available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two potential side effects of Sildenafil include headache and flushing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paracetamol is primarily used as an antipyretic and painkiller for mild to moderate pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dexamethasone is a potent glucocorticoid with minimal to no mineralocorticoid activity. It exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting phospholipase A2, which in turn inhibits prostaglandin and proinflammatory cytokines. It also increases capillary permeability, suppresses PMN migration, and increases surfactant synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dexamethasone can be administered orally (tablet or syrup) and via injection (IV or IM).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some common side effects of dexamethasone include hiccups, gastric upset, easy bruising, sleeping problems, and weight gain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Furosemide acts as a diuretic by blocking the tubular reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the proximal and distal tubules, as well as the thick ascending loop of Henle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACE inhibitors are often used to treat hypertension, heart failure, prevent the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and manage proteinuria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spironolactone acts as an aldosterone antagonist, blocking the action of aldosterone in the kidneys. It also exhibits anti-androgen properties, which can be useful in managing conditions like PCOS, acne, and hirsutism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>While both ACE inhibitors and spironolactone are commonly used to treat hypertension and heart failure, spironolactone has additional applications in managing conditions like nephrotic syndrome, ascites in cirrhosis, hypokalemia, hyperaldosteronism, and certain androgen-related disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some common side effects of ACE inhibitors include hypotension (low blood pressure), hyperkalemia (high potassium levels), dry cough, angioedema (swelling under the skin), skin rash, and altered taste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methylprednisolone is often used to treat acute asthma, lupus nephritis, and acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis (MS). It is also commonly used for autoimmune inflammatory disorders, including juvenile idiopathic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), connective tissue disorders, and systemic lupus erythematosus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The RAAS plays a crucial role in blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure falls, the kidneys release renin. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor, increasing blood pressure. It also stimulates the release of aldosterone, which promotes sodium and water retention, further increasing blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary side effects include hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, weight gain, hypersensitivity reactions, and injection site complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid hormone increases the metabolic rate of cells in all tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Levothyroxine acts as a replacement for the deficient thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the liver and kidney, T4 is converted to T3, the active metabolite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common side effects include palpitations and nervousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corticosteroids regulate stress response, inflammation, and metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Levothyroxine can be administered orally in tablets, capsules, or powder, and intravenously via vial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One side effect is heat intolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a key role in regulating glucose metabolism. It promotes the uptake of glucose from the blood into various tissues, like liver, fat, and skeletal muscle cells. This absorbed glucose is then converted into glycogen for storage (glycogenesis) or into fats (triglycerides) through lipogenesis. Insulin also inhibits glucose production and secretion from the liver, ultimately helping to maintain normal blood sugar levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus lack the ability to produce insulin due to the destruction of the beta cells in their pancreas. Therefore, insulin supplementation is crucial for these individuals to regulate their blood glucose levels and prevent complications associated with uncontrolled diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin can be administered through several routes, including subcutaneous injections, intravenous injections, intramuscular injections, intraperitoneal injections, inhalers, and personal insulin pumps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'honeymoon phase' in type 1 diabetes mellitus refers to a period, often occurring shortly after insulin therapy initiation, where insulin requirements decrease transiently. This may involve needing less than 0.5 units of insulin per kilogram of body weight per day, along with a HbA1c level below 7%. However, this phase is temporary and the need for insulin will eventually return. Therefore, it's crucial to advise families about the transient nature of the honeymoon phase to avoid false hope and ensure a realistic understanding of the disease's long-term management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals with type 1 diabetes who present with ketoacidosis and are diagnosed at a young age have a reduced likelihood of experiencing a honeymoon phase. This is primarily due to the severity of the initial disease presentation and the underlying immune response that led to the destruction of beta cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Somogyi phenomenon, primarily seen in children receiving high doses of long-acting insulin at night, refers to a pattern of late-night hypoglycemia followed by early morning hyperglycemia. This occurs due to the body's counter-regulatory hormone response to the hypoglycemia, ultimately leading to an elevation in blood glucose levels in the morning. Treatment often involves reducing the dose of long-acting insulin administered at night to prevent the initial hypoglycemic episode and subsequent hyperglycemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dawn phenomenon, observed in children receiving normal doses of insulin at night and maintaining normal midnight glucose levels (normoglycemia), refers to a pattern of early morning hyperglycemia. This elevation in blood glucose is usually caused by the normal increase in counter-regulatory hormones during the early morning hours. The dawn phenomenon differs from the Somogyi phenomenon because it does not involve a preceding hypoglycemic episode. It's a normal physiological response, while the Somogyi phenomenon is a consequence of insulin therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>While the underlying cause of the dawn phenomenon is a normal physiological process, adjusting insulin doses can help manage morning hyperglycemia. An appropriately timed pre-dawn insulin dose or a slight increase in evening insulin can help prevent the early morning surge in blood glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers