Pharmacology Principles Quiz

Terminology in Pharmacology

• Pharmacology studies the interactions of drugs with the human body to produce therapeutic effects.

Basics of Terminology and Definition

• Clinical Pharmacology refers to the effects of various drugs on humans
• A “drug" is any agent that affects living systems and anything that can be used to treat, diagnose, or prevent disease.
• A drug has four possible names:
  • First, there is the chemical name, e.g., N-acetyl-p-aminophenol.
  • Second, there is the generic or trivial name.
  • Third, there is the abbreviation, e.g., APAP.
  • Fourth, there is the brand name, e.g., Tylenol®.

Pharmacodynamics

• Pharmacodynamics define the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action
• Pharmacodynamics explain what a drug does to the human body, including drug and receptor interactions.

Pharmacokinetics

• Pharmacokinetics describes the time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
• Pharmacokinetics defines what the human body does to the drug.

Pharmacotherapeutics

• Pharmacotherapeutics deals with the prevention and treatment of diseases
• Pharmacotherapeutics must consider the benefit/risk ratio, specifically good vs. harm, as well as therapeutic vs. toxic effects

Toxicology

• Toxicology is the study of poisons specifically focusing on recognition, treatment, and prevention

Drugs:

• Drugs can have side effects, which manifest themselves at therapeutic doses.
• Drugs can also inflict toxicity which come at higher doses.

Chemicals:

• Chemicals are not specifically used during therapy but chemicals may come into contact through household, industrial, environmental exposure, or abuse.

Teratology

• Teratology focuses on how drugs taken during pregnancy can affect a fetus morphologically.

Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR)

• The pregnancy exposure registry is required under one of the four main headings
• Information about Risk Summary, Clinical Considerations and Data are located in each for headings
• Other headings include: Lactation information and Females and Males of Reproductive Potential.
• Lactation information covers Risk Summary, Clinical Considerations, and Data.
• Information on females and males of reproductive potential includes items when there are requirements or recommendations for pregnancy testing and/or contraception

Genomics and Genetics

• Pharmacogenomics studies how genetic (genome) differences in multiple genes influence variability in drug response (efficacy and toxicity). Pharmacogenetics studies how genetic differences in a single gene influence variability in drug response (efficacy and toxicity).

Therapeutic Index

• Margin of safety
• In animals, this is represented as LD50/ED50.
• In humans, the therapeutic index (TI) is the TD50/ED50, which represents the minimum toxic dose divided by the minimum therapeutic dose.
• regular monitoring of drug levels are required due to of lower therapeutic index.

Drug and Therapeutic INdex

• Warfarin, lithium, digoxin and phenytoin.
• A safer drug has a higher or wider therapeutic index and a very large lethal dose with a very small effective dose.

Pharmacodynamics

• Drug must reach its destination in effective concentrations
• Site of action is often a specific biological molecule, called a receptor
• Receptors may be either a membrane or a membrane protein, or a cytoplasmic or extracellular enzyme

Drug Binding

• Drug binding sites occur in proteins, glycoproteins, and lipoproteins and have a three-dimensional structure or configuration

Receptor Types

• Drug receptor interactions include: Drug, Outside Cell, Inside Cell, Membrane, Product and Substrates

Agonist

• An agonist combines with a receptor and produces the same response as an endogenous chemical
• Drugs interact with endogenous chemicals in the receptor causing stimulation to release it

Antagonist

• An antagonist combines with a receptor used by an endogenous chemical causing diminished response of the endrogenous agent
• Drugs inhibit releases on the receptor.

Affinity and Efficacy

• An agonist must have an affinity for the receptor and efficacy
• Efficacy can be defined as effectiveness

Agonist and Antagonists

• Antagonist and agonist compete for receptor sites
• Receptors must be occupied to have a observable pharmacological response usually 50
• If there is minimal drug in the system less that 50/100 receptors then the response is not seen
• Ceiling effect where drug changes and saturates the receptors

Pharmacodynamics: Potency

• Potency strength which is amount needed to produce effect, such as relief of pain or reduction of blood pressure.
• Can relates directly to the dosages and compared other drugs
• Potency also realtes to the affinity

Pharmacodynamics: Efficacy

• Magnitude of the maximum effect (predefined)
• Ability of the drug
• Regardless to dosages
• Morphone is example effective from codeine.

Terms in Pharmacodynamics

• Tolerance is a reduced response to the same dose or the need for an increased dose to have same respond to drugs usually with receptor sensitivity
• Tachyphylaxis is while tolerance occurs slowly this is happens quickly one or two doses

Placebo Effect

• Psychological response to patient of telling of inert material as analgesic.

Allergy (Hypersensitivity)

• Previous immune reaction that results exposure to specific chemical
  • Type 1 rapid challenge to allergan immediate hypersenitivity.
  • Type 2 IgG and IgM blood.
  • Type 3 Immune complexes IgG is deposited on the vascular endothelium
  • Type 4 T lymphocytes causes inflammatory reaction.

Terms in Pharmacodynamics

• Idiosyncrasy is unusual response results in genetics
• Hypo is less intensity.
• Hyper is greater
• There are times a therapeutic is not observable concerned low index
• Alternative is measured through blood . Serum or plasma levels.

Pharmacokinetics

• Studies what to body does to the drug of a specific amount over time.
• Four phases of ADME.
  • Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
• Effect depends on the concentration and where its located.

Drugs Cross

• It the amount of a substance that crosses easier .
• Most drugs are slightly acidic or basic.
• Usually crosses if no charge

Biological Membrane

• Consistin of lipid bilayer of phospholipids and cholsetrol.
• Hydrophobic in membrane allows attracted with chemical not release

Drug Transporter

• Membrane protien of uptakes or effluxes that helps with tissue , intestine and liver

Transport proteins

• Has two families solute linked carrier SLC which is uptakes for faciliated diffiusion secondary transport
• Second Efflux transporter known as ABC is primary transport
• Role they influence of elimination

Blood Stream

• Absoprtion, distrubition, metabolism, excretion leads into transports

ABSOPTION

• Transportation of unmetabolized drug for of site administration of circulatory system.
• First pass goes though Gl circulatory system through liver

Bioavaliablity

• Subtance available to into the biology distination.
• May be from formulation of dosage form. Modfiing Absorption
• Concentration
• Formulation is an factor

Drug Adminstration

• Enteral food administration.
• Oral is safest easy
• SL for lipid drugs
• Rectal can unconscionus or vomiting and unpredicatble amount

Parenteral/ Transdermal

• NOT enteral require aseptic technique
  • in veins or muscle with longer absoprtion and irritiated tissue
  • Sub is slower last longer

TranSDEML

• Certain molecules cross the skiin of stymic effecr for estrogen to control certain needs. Arerosl. Absorpotion rapid surface area for the blood for local control.

Distribution

• How the drug movment cell and receptor .
• Each drug must partitions until equillibrum net
• As druge binding to non receptors is INAcyIVE
• MUST BE free to have effect.

Body

• Two parts of special Mention BBB brain fluid highly lipo
• More to concentrate but depressants are excluded
• Placnetal Bariers seperate drug passthrough developing fetus

Drug levels

In body concetration Depending total water Large or usually defined

Elmination phase

Clearance in relation of concentration

Enzyme occur

Body convert chemmical for what the body can excrete from water.

Metabolism enzymatic can broken to two.

• Phase 1 oxidation reduction.
• 2 for congugation helps break.

Enzmes

Help occur in P450 to form cyrocome to oxygen Phase 1 and 2 CYP3A4 enzymes for metaobolism from most the drug from liver. Drugs interation with interations. Producta for polat or unactive through il congua.

Excretion

Process body excrete from change through reaction. Most imporant ALkaline urine helps secretion Acidix drugs increase basic. LIVER Converts to soluble of metabolites form HEpatic to sysytem circuit Kidney excretion is final stage.

Test your knowledge of pharmacology with questions covering drug action, metabolism, clinical trials, and drug naming. Explore key concepts like receptor binding, drug toxicity, and the impact of drugs on specific populations.