Pharmacology Overview and Processes
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of absorption in pharmacology?

  • To eliminate drugs from the body
  • To disintegrate drugs into smaller particles
  • To metabolize drugs in the liver
  • To ensure drugs reach the systemic circulation (correct)

    • Which factor does not affect drug absorption?

  • Type of drug formulation
  • Visual acuity of the patient (correct)
  • Blood flow
  • Lipid/water solubility

    • Which is true about the first-pass effect?

  • It increases the bioavailability of a drug
  • It refers to the drug's absorption from the intestines
  • It occurs before the drug reaches the liver
  • It is the process of drug metabolism in the liver (correct)

    • In what phase of drug action does dissolution occur?

    <p>Pharmaceutic Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does bioavailability refer to in pharmacology?

    <p>Percentage of drug dose that reaches systemic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not considered when evaluating drug absorption?

    <p>Presence of allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During disintegration, what happens to a drug?

    <p>It breaks down into smaller particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can enhance drug absorption?

    <p>Increased blood flow to the absorption site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a loading dose in pharmacodynamics?

    <p>To achieve rapid MEC in the plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the therapeutic index (TI) measure?

    <p>The gap between effective and lethal doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines 'adverse reactions'?

    <p>Severe effects, potentially including anaphylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a peak drug level indicate?

    <p>The highest plasma concentration of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is classified as a controlled substance?

    <p>Morphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'tachyphylaxis' refer to in a pharmacological context?

    <p>Rapid development of drug tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'trough level' in pharmacodynamics?

    <p>The lowest concentration of the drug in the plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT considered in the dose-response relationship?

    <p>Placebo effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the pharmacokinetic phase of a drug?

    <p>The time course and disposition of a drug in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary organ responsible for drug metabolism?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding drug excretion is true?

    <p>Urine pH can affect drug excretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accurately describes agonists in pharmacodynamics?

    <p>They produce a specific physiological response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the half-life of a drug?

    <p>The drug's protein binding capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes nonselective drugs?

    <p>They interact with various receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'peak action' refer to in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>The highest plasma concentration of a drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a primary effect of a drug?

    <p>The main therapeutic action intended from the drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of generic drugs?

    <p>They contain the same chemical substance as a brand-name drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding orphan drugs?

    <p>They treat rare medical conditions and require government support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can influence drug response according to pharmacogenetics?

    <p>Genetic factors or hereditary influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored when giving drugs that are highly protein bound?

    <p>Signs and symptoms of drug toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended action before ingesting an enteric-coated tablet?

    <p>Do not eat fatty foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharmacokinetic process involves the removal of the drug from the body?

    <p>Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical nursing implication when monitoring drugs with a narrow therapeutic range?

    <p>Check peak and trough levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dictates the cost difference between brand-name drugs and generic drugs?

    <p>Generic drugs have lower advertising costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmacology Overview

    • Pharmacology is a branch of biomedical science focused on the effects of drugs and xenobiotics on living systems.
    • Pharmaceutical drugs aim to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose diseases and promote well-being.

    Four Processes in Pharmacology

    • Absorption: Movement of drugs from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to body fluids; relies on factors like lipid/water solubility, ionization, and presence of food.
    • Distribution: Movement of drugs to body fluids and tissues; only free (unbound) drugs exert pharmacologic effects.
    • Metabolism: Primarily occurs in the liver, converting lipid-soluble drugs to water-soluble forms for excretion; involves processes like the half-life calculation.
    • Excretion: Mainly through the kidneys; factors affecting this process include urine pH and kidney health.

    Phases of Drug Action

    • Pharmaceutic Phase: Transition of solid drugs (tablets/capsules) through disintegration and dissolution into smaller particles for absorption.
    • Pharmacokinetic Phase: Describes drug movement through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.
    • Pharmacodynamic Phase: Examines the drug's effects on the body; includes agonists (activate receptors) and antagonists (block receptors).

    Key Terms and Concepts

    • First-Pass Effect: Initial metabolism of a drug in the liver, potentially reducing its bioavailability.
    • Bioavailability: Percentage of unchanged drug reaching systemic circulation; influenced by drug form, route, and metabolic factors.
    • Therapeutic Index (TI): Ratio of effective dose to lethal dose; a lower TI indicates higher toxicity risk.
    • Peak and Trough Levels: Peak indicates the highest concentration after administration; trough measures the lowest concentration before the next dose.

    Drug Effects

    • Side Effects: Physiologic effects not directly related to therapeutic action; can be desirable or undesirable.
    • Adverse Reactions: More severe effects that can be harmful, including life-threatening conditions like anaphylaxis.
    • Tachyphylaxis: Decreased response to a drug following repeated administration, indicating tolerance.

    Drug Legislation and Types

    • Controlled Substances: Drugs regulated by law due to abuse potential, including opioids and stimulants; require prescriptions for use.
    • Generic Drugs: Medications chemically identical to brand-name drugs but generally less expensive; marketed without brand names.
    • Orphan Drugs: Medications developed for rare diseases, often financially unviable without government support.

    Nursing Implications

    • Liquid medications are absorbed more rapidly than solid forms.
    • Monitor for drug toxicity, especially with highly protein-bound medications.
    • Assess for nonspecific side effects and manage high-risk drugs with narrow therapeutic ranges.
    • Advise patients on dietary considerations that may affect drug absorption (e.g., avoiding fatty foods with enteric-coated tablets).

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    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of pharmacology, including its key processes such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. This quiz delves into both the mechanisms of drug action and the phases involved in pharmacological treatments.

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