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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of pharmacotherapeutics?
Which category of drug safety during pregnancy indicates no risk to the fetus?
Which drug administration method absorbs 100% of the drug?
What are the three parts of adverse effects as classified in pharmacology?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the rights of medication administration?
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What does pharmacokinetics primarily study?
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Which system is a legal standard for measuring pharmaceuticals?
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What is the goal for an ideal medication?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology Overview
- Pharmacology studies drugs, their effects, and biological impacts on living organisms.
- It encompasses the preparation, uses, and effects of drugs.
Branches of Pharmacology
- Pharmacotherapeutics: Utilizes drugs for treating, preventing, and diagnosing diseases.
- Pharmacokinetics: Examines how drugs move through the body.
- Pharmacodynamics: Focuses on the biological response to drugs.
- Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics: Specialized studies on the movement and response of toxic substances.
Drug Definition and Excretion
- Drugs are chemical substances used for treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of diseases.
- Drug excretion occurs via:
- Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
- Urinary tract
- Skin
- Respiratory tract
Routes of Drug Administration
- Oral: Taken through the digestive system.
- Inhalation: Administered through the respiratory tract.
- Topical: Applied to the skin for absorption.
- Parenteral: Directly into the bloodstream; ensures 100% absorption.
- Injectable: Also guarantees complete drug absorption.
Key Concepts in Pharmacology
- Biotransformation: The process by which the body modifies drugs.
- Half-life: Duration for the drug concentration to reduce by half, influenced by dosage.
Drug Safety During Pregnancy
- Category A: No risk to the fetus.
- Category B: Minimal risk or insufficient studies.
- Category C: Risks identified, need careful evaluation.
- Category D: Well-documented risks.
- Category X: Contraindicated in pregnancy.
Ideal Drug Characteristics
- Reversible effects.
- Predictable responses.
- Absence of adverse effects and drug interactions.
- Cost-effective and simple to use.
Patient Safety Principles
- Verify patient identity.
- Communicate effectively.
- Ensure safe surgical practices.
- Implement fall prevention strategies.
Medication Safety Terminology
- High-alert medications (HAMs): Drugs that have a high risk of causing significant harm.
- Look-alike, sound-alike (LASA): Medications that can be confused due to naming similarities.
Goals of Pharmacology
- Utilize natural sources (plants, animals, inorganic compounds) and synthetic sources (chemically more potent).
Drug Evaluation Process
- Preclinical trials: Testing substances on animal models before human studies.
Medication Administration Rights
- Ensure the following rights are adhered to:
- Right patient
- Right dosage
- Right route of administration
- Right medication
- Right time
Adverse Effects Categorization
- Primary Effects: Intended therapeutic effects.
- Secondary Effects: Additional effects, beneficial or harmful.
- Hypersensitivity: Abnormal excessive responses to drugs.
Regulatory Frameworks
- Republic Act 2382: Physicians are exclusively authorized to prescribe medications.
- Republic Act 5921 (Pharmacy Law): Only registered pharmacists may dispense and sell medicines.
Measurement Systems in Pharmacology
- Metric System: Legal standard for measurements in medications.
- Apothecary System: Traditional system of weights for measuring substances.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of pharmacology, including the study of drugs, their effects, and the biological interactions they have within the body. Dive into specific branches such as pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics, and learn how these areas contribute to diagnosing and treating diseases.
