Y1S2 002 II Pharmacology: Understanding Drug Effects on the Body

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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of pharmacodynamics?

  • The effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action in the body (correct)
  • The chemical composition of drugs and their interactions
  • How the body absorbs, distributes, and eliminates drugs
  • The psychological impact of drugs on the mind

What type of drug action increases heart rate?

  • Stimulation (correct)
  • Irritation
  • Replacement
  • Depression

What type of target protein do most drugs bind to?

  • Ion channels
  • Enzymes
  • Carriers
  • Receptors (correct)

What is the mechanism of action of antacids?

<p>Chemical action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of insulin in diabetes management?

<p>Replacement of a lacking hormone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action in the body?

<p>Pharmacodynamics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a non-competitive antagonist?

<p>It binds to the receptor and stays bound irreversibly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a competitive antagonist on the dose-response curve of an agonist?

<p>It shifts the curve to the right without a change in slope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of tachyphylaxis and tolerance due to a change in receptors?

<p>It occurs in receptors coupled to ion-channels and second messengers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between tachyphylaxis and tolerance?

<p>Tachyphylaxis is a rapid decrease in responsiveness, while tolerance is a gradual decrease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an irreversible antagonist?

<p>It cannot be unbound from the receptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a non-competitive antagonist on the maximal response of an agonist?

<p>It decreases the maximal response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of ligands that bind to intracellular/nuclear receptors?

<p>They are lipophilic compounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the DNA-binding domain in intracellular/nuclear receptors?

<p>To recognize specific base sequences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of altered protein synthesis on the physiological response?

<p>Slow onset of action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of the DNA-binding domain in intracellular/nuclear receptors?

<p>Two loops of about 15 residues each (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the variable region in intracellular/nuclear receptors?

<p>To control gene transcription (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of the genetic influence of an individual on therapeutic drugs?

<p>Pharmacogenomics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of channel-linked receptors in the nervous system?

<p>To convert the binding of neurotransmitters into an electrical signal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic structure of G-protein-coupled receptors?

<p>Seven membrane-spanning segments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the α subunit in G-protein-coupled receptors?

<p>Possessing GTPase activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between channel-linked receptors and G-protein-coupled receptors?

<p>Direct vs. indirect coupling to ion channels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the depolarization of the cell membrane through channel-linked receptors?

<p>Generation of a action potential (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following receptors is an example of a channel-linked receptor?

<p>nACh (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of phosphorylation of regions of the receptor?

<p>Down regulation of the receptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of physiological adaptation?

<p>Homeostatic responses that nullify the drug's effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Therapeutic Index (TI)?

<p>To quantify the safety of a drug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the four types of receptors?

<p>Their molecular structure, coupling and effector (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of repeated administration of a drug at the same dose?

<p>Progressive lowering of the plasma concentration of the drug (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the dose at which 50 percent of the population or sample manifests a given toxic effect?

<p>Median Toxic Dose (TD50) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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