2. Hypothalamic & Pituitary Hormones
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of SST-2 in the body?

  • It inhibits gastrin, histamine, and parietal acid secretion. (correct)
  • It stimulates glucagon and insulin release.
  • It promotes cell proliferation and angiogenesis.
  • It increases gastrin, histamine, and parietal acid secretion.

    • Which of the following is NOT a known effect of activating SST-3 or SST-5?

  • Increased cAMP levels (correct)
  • Reduction of cell proliferation
  • Decrease in intracellular calcium levels
  • Antitumor angiogenesis

    • What is the primary function of the D2 receptor in the context of bromocriptine's mechanism of action?

  • Reduction of intracellular calcium levels
  • Stimulation of growth hormone release
  • Inhibition of prolactin secretion (correct)
  • Activation of MAPK pathways

    • What is a common characteristic shared by both somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) and dopamine type 2 receptors (D2)?

    <p>They are all G-protein coupled receptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the activation of the D2 receptor by bromocriptine affect intracellular signaling pathways?

    <p>It decreases cAMP levels and intracellular calcium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DAG in vascular smooth muscle contraction?

    <p>DAG activates PKC, which phosphorylates MLCK. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is primarily indicated for the treatment of acromegaly in patients resistant to somatostatin analogs?

    <p>Pegvisomant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential adverse effect associated with the use of somatropin?

    <p>Hypoglycemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is used to delay preterm birth in pregnant women?

    <p>Atosiban (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these physiological processes is directly influenced by the intracellular calcium concentration?

    <p>Activity of calmodulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of desmopressin in the treatment of diabetes insipidus?

    <p>Increase water reabsorption in the kidneys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a potential adverse effect associated with the use of oxytocin?

    <p>Water intoxication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is primarily used to treat hyperprolactinemia?

    <p>Cabergoline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT directly involved in the mechanism of action of oxytocin?

    <p>Cyclic AMP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a direct consequence of oxytocin binding to its receptor in uterine smooth muscle?

    <p>Phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is NOT involved in the signaling pathway activated by vasopressin in epithelial cells?

    <p>Phospholipase C-β (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a direct consequence of oxytocin binding to its receptor in epithelial cells?

    <p>Increased production of prostacyclin and prostaglandin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vasopressin and oxytocin receptors belong to the same class of receptors. Which of the following describes this class?

    <p>G protein-coupled receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is not directly regulated by the hypothalamus?

    <p>Insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs of hormones are both released from the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Growth Hormone (GH) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothalamic hormone is responsible for the release of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Corticotropin-releasing Hormone (CRF) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is not a direct target of a hypothalamic-releasing hormone?

    <p>Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-I) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of action of drugs that interact with the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?

    <p>Modification of the release, synthesis, or action of hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of action of somatostatin in terms of its pharmacological effects?

    <p>Stimulation of growth hormone secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is NOT a somatostatin analog?

    <p>Bromocriptine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pharmacological effect of Growth Hormone (GH) agonists, like somatotropin?

    <p>Promotion of growth and metabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which GH agonists exert their pharmacological effect?

    <p>Inhibition of intracellular calcium levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Pegvisomant?

    <p>Inhibition of GHR activation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is a dopamine receptor agonist used as a prolactin antagonist?

    <p>Bromocriptine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main physiological function of Oxytocin?

    <p>Contraction of the uterus during labor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones or drugs is NOT produced in the posterior pituitary gland?

    <p>GH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis

    A structure connecting the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland that regulates hormone production.

    TRH

    Thyrotropin-releasing hormone that stimulates the secretion of TSH from the pituitary.

    GnRH

    Gonadotropin-releasing hormone that initiates the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary.

    ACTH

    Adrenocorticotropic hormone that stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol.

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    Oxytocin

    A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that plays a key role in childbirth and lactation.

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    SST-2 Activation

    SST-2 inhibits gastrin, histamine, and acid secretion by coupling with G-protein receptors.

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    SSTRs

    Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) are a family of 7TM G-protein-coupled receptors that mediate various endocrine functions.

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    Pegvisomant

    Pegvisomant is a growth hormone receptor antagonist used to treat acromegaly by blocking GH action.

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    Bromocriptine

    Bromocriptine is a D2 dopamine receptor agonist that inhibits prolactin secretion through decreasing cAMP and calcium levels.

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    D2 Receptor

    The D2 receptor is part of the dopamine receptor family that inhibits secretion and is coupled with G-proteins to decrease intracellular signaling.

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    Somatotropin

    Recombinant growth hormone used for growth disorders.

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    Somatostatin analogs

    Drugs mimicking somatostatin to inhibit hormone release.

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    GH Receptor antagonist

    Blocks growth hormone action, reducing its effects.

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    Prolactin antagonist

    Drugs that inhibit the effects of prolactin.

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    Dopamine receptor agonist

    Stimulates dopamine receptors to lower prolactin levels.

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    Macimorelin

    Ghrelin agonist used in diagnostics for growth hormone secretion.

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    JAK2 tyrosine kinase

    A key enzyme activated by growth hormone binding to its receptor.

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    Oxytocin receptor mechanism

    Oxytocin binds to its 7TMCGP receptor, activating PLC and increasing intracellular Ca++ levels, leading to contraction.

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    Role of Calmodulin

    Calmodulin's activity increases due to elevated intracellular Ca++, aiding muscle contraction and secretion processes.

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    Phospholipase C-β (PLC) action

    PLC interacts with PIP2 to produce IP3 and DAG, influencing calcium signaling and various cellular responses.

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    Vasopressin receptor mechanism

    Vasopressin binds to its receptor, activates adenylate cyclase, increasing cAMP levels, which leads to AQP-2 phosphorylation.

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    cAMP in epithelial cells

    In epithelial cells, increased cAMP from vasopressin activates PKA, leading to water channel AQP-2 insertion into membranes.

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    AQP-2

    Aquaporin-2, a water channel protein in vascular smooth muscle that aids water transport.

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    PLC (Phospholipase C-β)

    An enzyme that produces IP3 and DAG, triggering intracellular calcium release.

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    Calmodulin

    A protein that binds calcium and activates MLCK to induce muscle contraction.

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    MLCK (Myosin Light Chain Kinase)

    An enzyme that phosphorylates myosin, facilitating smooth muscle contraction.

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    Octreotide

    A somatostatin analog used to treat acromegaly and control gastrointestinal bleeding.

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    Desmopressin

    Synthetic analog of vasopressin for treating diabetes insipidus and nocturnal enuresis.

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    Oxytocin adverse effects

    Possible side effects include uterine contractions and water intoxication.

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    Study Notes

    Hypothalamic & Pituitary Hormones

    • These hormones regulate various bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction
    • The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary gland, which in turn regulates other endocrine organs
    • Drugs can interact with these hormones, with potential side effects
    • The hypothalamus-hypophysis-endocrine axis is a complex system, with multiple interactions between hormones

    Objectives

    • Understand the hypothalamus-hypophysis-endocrine axis
    • Identify drugs that interact with the axis
    • Learn how these drugs work and their potential adverse effects

    Hypothalamic & Pituitary Hormones and Their Target Organs(Diagram)

    • GnRH, CRH, TRH, PRH, Dopamine, GHRH, Somatostatin are hypothalamus hormones
    • Anterior Pituitary hormones are FSH/LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, and GH
    • Posterior Pituitary hormones are ADH(vasopressin), Oxytocin
    • Target organs include gonads, adrenal cortex, thyroid, mammary gland, liver, and kidney

    Hypothalamus - Hypophysis - Gland Signals (Diagram)

    • Shows connections between the hypothalamus, pituitary, and various glands (thyroid, adrenal, gonads)
    • Illustrates the hormonal signaling pathways
    • Focuses on how hormones trigger responses in target tissues

    GH Drugs, Prolactin Antagonist, Posterior Hypophysis Drugs (Image)

    • Presents a variety of medications related to growth hormone and prolactin
    • Shows diverse drug forms (tablets, capsules, etc.)
    • Agonists: Somatotropin (recombinant GH), Somapacitan (GH analog), Mecasermin (recombinant IGF-1), and Macimorelin (ghrelin agonist)
    • Antagonists: Somatostatin analogs (Octreotide, Lanreotide, Pasireotide), GH Receptor antagonist (Pegvisomant)
    • Prolactin Antagonist: Dopamine Receptor agonists (Bromocriptine, Cabergoline, Quinagolide)

    Oxytocin Hormone

    • Agonist: Oxytocin
    • Antagonist: Atosiban

    Antidiuretic Hormone

    • Agonist: Vasopressin, Desmopressin
    • Antagonist: Conivaptan, Tolvaptan

    Anterior Hypophysis Drugs Mechanism of Action(Diagram)

    • Explains the mechanisms of action for drugs that affect the anterior pituitary
    • Focuses on signaling pathways and the roles of different molecules

    GH Agonist Mechanism of Action(Diagram)

    • Details the steps involved in the activation of growth hormone receptors
    • Emphasizes the role of tyrosine kinase and subsequent cellular responses

    Somatotropin (diagram)

    • Shows the signaling pathway from hormone release to its effects on the body, e.g., bone growth, cartilage synthesis
    • Depicts how growth hormone works with other hormones and peptides
    • Identifies specific sites of action and their impact

    Somatostatin Mechanism of Action(Diagram)

    • Explains how somatostatin inhibits various hormone secretions
    • Lists hormones affected by somatostatin, such as growth hormone, prolactin
    • Indicates the role of specific receptors in mediating somatostatin actions

    Pegvisomant

    • A GH receptor antagonist, preventing the effects of growth hormone on cells
    • How the drug is designed to prevent growth hormone signaling
    • Explains how it's administered, and its use in diseases where excess GH might be harmful, such as Acromegaly

    Bromocriptine Mechanism of Action(Diagram)

    • Details how bromocriptine inhibits prolactin release
    • Explains the role of dopamine receptors (D2R) in this process, as the drug mimics the effect of dopamine
    • Shows how it controls prolactin secretion

    Prolactin Inhibitors

    • Explains how prolactin is inhibited via D2 receptor agonists
    • Depicts the intracellular signaling pathways
    • Demonstrates the inhibition of prolactin secretion

    Posterior Hypophysis Drugs Mechanism of Action (Image)

    • Shows a mechanism of action for posterior pituitary drugs

    Oxytocin Hormone Mechanism of Action(Diagram)

    • Illustrates the actions of oxytocin on smooth muscle and other cells
    • Specific targets for oxytocin, such as uterine muscle and epithelial cells, are shown
    • Outlines the molecular signaling pathways in response to oxytocin's binding to the receptors

    Vasopressin Hormone Mechanism of Action(Diagram)

    • Describes vasopressin's actions in epithelial cells and vascular smooth muscle
    • Explains the mechanisms of these actions (e.g., cAMP activation, increased intracellular Ca2+)

    Pharmacological Applications(Image)

    • Shows various forms of medication, or biological sources used for medicine, in glass jars
    • Implies a variety of approaches for pharmaceutical development
    • Suggests the diverse applications of medicine

    Select Hypothalamic and Pituitary Drugs and Their Uses

    • Lists various uses for specific drugs, categorized by the type of hormone they affect (e.g., growth hormone, ADH (vasopressin), oxytocin)
    • Shows how these applications are tailored for specific clinical problems (e.g., growth deficiency, diabetes insipidus, postpartum hemorrhage

    Pharmacological Adverse Effects (Images)

    • Categorizes and shows potential side effects of different hormonal drugs
    • Includes instances of different kinds of adverse effects including visual representations

    Somatotropin Adverse effects(Image)

    • Lists potential negative side effects of somatotropin
    • Shows conditions such as leukemia, histiocytosis X, osteogenic sarcoma, and others

    Mecasermin Adverse effects(Image)

    • Lists potential negative side effects of Mecasermin, like hypoglycemia and acromegaly

    Octreotide adverse effects(Image)

    • Shows potential negative side effects of Octreotide, including hyperglycemia, abdominal distress, and nausea

    Oxytocin adverse effects(Image)

    • Lists potential adverse reactions, including water intoxication, seizures, and issues with potentially heart rhythm

    Vasopressin adverse effects(Image)

    • Lists potential adverse reactions, including high blood pressure, facial redness (flushing), and dry mouth (xerostomia).

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    Hypothalamic & Pituitary Hormones PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the roles and effects of somatostatin and dopamine receptors in the body, particularly in the context of various medications. It covers mechanisms of action, effects of activation, and clinical implications related to these receptors. Test your knowledge on the pharmacological aspects relevant to clinical practice.

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