Pharmacology of Pain Management

Anesthetics

• General Anesthetics:
  • Render patient unconscious and insensitive to pain
  • Examples: propofol, etomidate, ketamine
• Local Anesthetics:
  • Numb specific area of the body
  • Examples: lidocaine, bupivacaine, novocaine

Analgesics

• Opioids:
  • Relieve pain by binding to opioid receptors
  • Examples: morphine, fentanyl, codeine
• Non-Opioids:
  • Relieve pain through non-opioid mechanisms
  • Examples: acetaminophen, NSAIDs (e.g. ibuprofen, aspirin)

Muscle Relaxants

• Depolarizing Muscle Relaxants:
  • Cause muscle contraction followed by paralysis
  • Examples: succinylcholine
• Non-Depolarizing Muscle Relaxants:
  • Competitively block acetylcholine receptors
  • Examples: rocuronium, vecuronium

Antibiotics

• Prophylactic Antibiotics:
  • Administered to prevent surgical site infections
  • Examples: cefazolin, cefuroxime
• Therapeutic Antibiotics:
  • Administered to treat established infections
  • Examples: vancomycin, gentamicin

Anti-Anxiety and Sedatives

• Benzodiazepines:
  • Reduce anxiety and promote relaxation
  • Examples: midazolam, diazepam
• Other Sedatives:
  • Promote relaxation and reduce anxiety
  • Examples: chloral hydrate, zolpidem

Hormones and Anti-Hormones

• Hormones:
  • Used to replace or supplement natural hormone production
  • Examples: insulin, thyroxine
• Anti-Hormones:
  • Used to block or reduce hormone production
  • Examples: leuprolide, octreotide

Anesthetics

• General anesthetics render patients unconscious and insensitive to pain, with examples including propofol, etomidate, and ketamine
• Local anesthetics numb specific areas of the body, with examples including lidocaine, bupivacaine, and novocaine

Analgesics

• Opioids relieve pain by binding to opioid receptors, with examples including morphine, fentanyl, and codeine
• Non-opioids relieve pain through non-opioid mechanisms, with examples including acetaminophen and NSAIDs like ibuprofen and aspirin

Muscle Relaxants

• Depolarizing muscle relaxants cause muscle contraction followed by paralysis, with an example being succinylcholine
• Non-depolarizing muscle relaxants competitively block acetylcholine receptors, with examples including rocuronium and vecuronium

Antibiotics

• Prophylactic antibiotics are administered to prevent surgical site infections, with examples including cefazolin and cefuroxime
• Therapeutic antibiotics are administered to treat established infections, with examples including vancomycin and gentamicin

Anti-Anxiety and Sedatives

• Benzodiazepines reduce anxiety and promote relaxation, with examples including midazolam and diazepam
• Other sedatives promote relaxation and reduce anxiety, with examples including chloral hydrate and zolpidem

Hormones and Anti-Hormones

• Hormones are used to replace or supplement natural hormone production, with examples including insulin and thyroxine
• Anti-hormones are used to block or reduce hormone production, with examples including leuprolide and octreotide

This quiz covers different types of anesthetics and analgesics, including general anesthetics, local anesthetics, opioids, and non-opioids. Learn about their effects, examples, and mechanisms.