Chapter 7 - Drugs to Treat Pain: Nonopioid Analgesics

<p>Reducing fever in children (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was safer than aspirin for children (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paracetamol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe pain from a broken bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen has a low level of anti-inflammatory activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low birth weight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Local anesthetics can provide long-term pain relief. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid absorption increases the risk of systemic toxicity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Replace cocaine with synthetic alternatives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of pain followed by loss of deep pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>34% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prodromal symptoms such as perioral numbness and tinnitus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tetracaine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has no effect on the underlying inflammation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of neurotransmitters in the CNS. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4,000 mg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prior hepatic disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk of liver failure due to unintended overdose. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caffeine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fever (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 to 3 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The potential for unintended acetaminophen toxicity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theraflu Multi-Symptom Severe Cold (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has no significant effect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Permanent liver damage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen is also useful in treating moderate to severe pain when used in conjunction with opiates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen is recommended to treat fever in children because it has minimal risk and avoids the chance of Reye's Syndrome, which is associated with aspirin use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topical medications include counterirritants, local creams, and transdermal patches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen has relatively little anti-inflammatory activity compared to other analgesics, meaning it would not primarily address the root cause of inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen can treat conditions such as headache, muscle aches, and toothaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bupivacaine, and procaine are both local injectable anesthetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute pain is of sudden onset and expected to last a short time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three components are the biological, the psychological, and the social.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asthma sensitivity and complications during pregnancy such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and poor gross motor development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To mitigate the toxicity, abuse, misuse, and addictive properties of cocaine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain, temperature, touch, deep pressure, and finally motor function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stratum corneum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perioral numbness, tinnitus, agitation, dysarthria and confusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concerns over cocaine's toxicity, banned substance status, and the risk of addiction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At recommended dosages, acetaminophen is a better analgesic choice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a eutectic mixture of local anesthetics such as lidocaine and prilocaine, and is used as an alternative to TAC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fever.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen does not reduce inflammation, while NSAIDs do.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4,000 mg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorption in the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caffeine accelerates absorption and slows excretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theraflu Multi-Symptom Severe Cold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent accidental overdose due to combined acetaminophen from multiple sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pre-existing hepatic disease, poor nutrition, or heavy alcohol use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through inhibiting neurotransmitters in the CNS and activation of descending serotonergic inhibitory pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analgesic and Antipyretic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has no effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not have anticoagulant or bleeding effects like aspirin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Yes, acetaminophen should be considered. The WHO recommends it for children with a temperature greater than 38.5°C, so 39°C is above this threshold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topical counterirritants create a sensation to distract from pain, while local anesthetic creams numb the area by blocking nerve signals. They work via different mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen is a good choice because it treats both mild to moderate pain, like a headache, and arthritis pain, as well as decreases fever, if present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cream offers localized application with quick action, while the patch provides extended relief through sustained drug delivery, accommodating varied needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen is used with opiates to treat moderate to severe pain due to acetaminophen's analgesic effectiveness and opiate's strong pain-relieving effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Local injectable anesthetics can penetrate deeper tissues than creams, providing anesthesia to deeper areas and avoiding drug absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The social component acknowledges that life experiences, cultural background, relationships, and support systems may affect pain tolerance and thresholds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The text suggests that unlike NSAIDs, acetaminophen has relatively little anti-inflammatory activity, and it is not an ideal analgesic for inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen inhibits the hypothalamic heat-regulating center.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen can be administered rectally, buccally, or intravenously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caffeine accelerates the absorption and slows the excretion of acetaminophen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen inhibits neurotransmitters and activates descending serotonergic inhibitory pathways in the CNS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3,250 mg/day is the recommended safe dose, while 4,000 mg/day is the maximum dose that should not be exceeded to avoid liver damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initial symptoms of hepatotoxicity include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The risk of exceeding the recommended daily dose of acetaminophen, leading to potential liver damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen is associated with less severe side effects than NSAIDs in safe dosages, and does not have anticoagulant effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen is primarily absorbed in the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unlike NSAIDs, acetaminophen is not considered an anti-inflammatory medication and primarily works on pain and fever.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen does not act on the inflammatory process of rheumatoid arthritis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Major risk is exceeding the daily maximum dose of 4,000mg which could lead to liver damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prior hepatic disease or heavy alcohol use increases the risk of hepatotoxicity because the liver is more sensitive to acetaminophen's toxicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATs must be aware of combined doses to prevent inadvertent toxicity due to multiple medications that contain acetaminophen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The absorption rate among most adults is not significantly affected by either fasting or having eaten a light meal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Andean natives chewed coca leaves for their stimulatory and euphoric effects. The discovery of cocaine's anesthetic properties led to the development of synthetic local anesthetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Local anesthetics are absorbed rapidly into the circulation because of the high vascularity in the area beneath the epidermis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TAC was replaced due to concerns about cocaine toxicity, the risk of addiction, and it being a banned substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At recommended dosages, acetaminophen is preferable due to lower risks and side effects compared with NSAIDs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen sensitivity can occur in some aspirin-sensitive asthmatics. It is not well described, but is thought that the mechanism may have to do with changes in the respiratory pathways from aspirin use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain disappears first, then temperature, touch, deep pressure, and finally motor function. This order is important because it helps clinicians understand the anesthetic effects and recovery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systemic toxity, known as LAST, can occur. The symptoms are perioral numbness, tinnitus, agitation, dysarthria, and confusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Local anesthetics target Aβ-fibers and C-fibers in the epidermis, disrupting nerve signals, while acetaminophen's mechanism is not fully described in the text, but its analgesic effects are not exerted by affecting nerve signals in the peripheral nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tylenol (A), Paradol (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lidocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>nonopioid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analgesics = Acetaminophen, Camphor Anesthetics = Bupivacaine, Lidocaine Topical Counterirritants = Capsaicin, Menthol Ophthalmic = Tetracaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preterm birth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a life-threatening adverse event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>34%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lidocaine = Commonly used in sports medicine Bupivacaine = Longer-lasting local anesthetic Tetracaine = Short-acting local anesthetic Prilocaine = Used in Emla cream for pain relief</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perioral numbness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stratum corneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relieves pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3,250 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen = Tylenol Paracetamol = Panadol Caffeine = Excedrin Hydrocodone/Aspirin = Norco</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-inflammatory effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excedrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nausea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theraflu Multi-Symptom Severe Cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>oral</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>paracetamol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>psychological</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analgesics = Acetaminophen Local Anesthetics = Lidocaine Topical Counterirritants = Menthol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use for temperatures above 38.5°C (101.3°F). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>headache, muscle aches (or similar)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradycardia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>concerns about cocaine toxicity and addiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aβ-fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cocaine = First local anesthetic, extracted from coca leaves Procaine = Synthetic substitute for cocaine, prototype for local anesthetics Lidocaine = Widely used agent today Tetracaine = Component of TAC, ester</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preterm birth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>stratum corneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a safer alternative to cocaine for local anesthesia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lidocaine = Commonly used in dental procedures Bupivacaine = Long-lasting pain relief for labor Tetracaine = Topical anesthetic for minor skin procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bupivacaine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain, temperature, touch, deep pressure, motor function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as an antipyretic to reduce fever.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tylenol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bupivacaine = Local injectable Lidocaine = Transdermal patch Procaine = Local injectable Tetracaine = Ophthalmic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatotoxicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paracetamol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4000 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen = Tylenol Paracetamol = Panadol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>caffeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>first-pass</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>prior hepatic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>325, 500</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unintended overdose = Represents 50% of all liver failure cases Heavy alcohol use = Increases risk of liver toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capsaicin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a sudden onset. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lidocaine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It's an antipyretic with minimal risk. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Local anesthetics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Menthol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The extent of physical illness or predisposition affecting pain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relieves mild to moderate pain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preterm birth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cocaine can lead to toxicity and addictive properties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TAC (tetracaine, epinephrine, and cocaine) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perioral numbness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It hinder the passage of anesthetics to the Aβ-fibers and C-fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lidocaine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heightened asthma attacks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen is less likely to cause gastric irritation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3,250 mg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through inhibition of neurotransmitters in the CNS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norco (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It only relieves pain, not inflammation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatotoxicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 hour (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals with prior hepatic disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nausea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theraflu Multi-Symptom Severe Cold (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances absorption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infants and young children (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may result in cumulative dosage from multiple medications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No anti-inflammatory properties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procaine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concerns about cocaine toxicity, banned substances, and addiction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential for preterm birth, low birth weight, and poor development in the child (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk of systemic toxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradycardia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the outermost layer of the epidermis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential for muscle wasting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>For their stimulatory and euphoric effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of the hypothalamic heat-regulating center. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased susceptibility to hepatotoxicity due to impaired liver function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen helps manage pain in mild arthritis, but does not address the inflammation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caffeine accelerates absorption of acetaminophen, while slowing down its excretion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3,250 mg/day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To avoid exceeding the maximum daily dose, thus preventing the risk of liver damage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen has a relatively slow onset of action, taking around 24 hours for effectiveness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen lacks the anticoagulant effects seen with aspirin, making it suitable for those with bleeding risk. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is available to purchase without a prescription. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals with prior hepatic disease, poor nutritional status or heavy alcohol use tend to be at higher risk of hepatotoxicity due to compromised liver function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caffeine may enhance the analgesic effect of acetaminophen by accelerating its absorption and slowing its excretion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initially, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, followed by liver damage approximately 3 days after ingestion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The half-life dictates how fast the drug is eliminated, impacting how often the drug must be taken to maintain consistent effect. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The athlete may exceed the recommended daily dose of acetaminophen increasing the risk of liver damage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It primarily reduces fever. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lidocaine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipoderm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tetracaine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatotoxicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A nonopioid analgesic used to treat mild to moderate pain and reduce fever.

Another name for acetaminophen, particularly used internationally.

Substances applied to the skin to relieve pain by causing irritation.

Medications used to block sensation in specific areas of the body.

A framework that considers biological, psychological, and social factors in health and illness.

Pain that occurs suddenly and is expected to last a short duration.

The ability of a substance to reduce inflammation.

Guidelines provided by the World Health Organization regarding health practices.

Acetaminophen is often a better choice than NSAIDs for musculoskeletal pain at recommended dosages.

Acetaminophen use can lead to asthma sensitivity and complications in pregnancy.

Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered, known for its euphoric effects.

Procaine was the first synthetic local anesthetic derived from cocaine's toxicity.

Today, lidocaine, bupivacaine, and tetracaine are the most widely used local anesthetics.

LAST is a life-threatening condition from local anesthetic administration with early signs like numbness and agitation.

TAC is a historical mixture of tetracaine, epinephrine, and cocaine for local anesthesia.

Relieves pain similarly to ibuprofen but not anti-inflammatory.

NSAIDs reduce inflammation; acetaminophen does not.

Commonly administered orally in tablet or caplet form.

Absorbed in the small intestine, metabolized in the liver.

4,000 mg/day is the safe maximum dose of acetaminophen.

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea followed by liver damage.

Caffeine can enhance the analgesic effects of acetaminophen.

Leading cause of liver failure, often due to overdose.

Many OTC meds contain acetaminophen; monitor dosages.

Recommended safe dose is 3,250 mg/day.

Recommended for arthritis pain but not for inflammation.

The effect of acetaminophen can take about 24 hours.

Taking multiple sources could lead to toxicity; calculation is key.

High doses can lead to acute liver failure.

Known as Tylenol in North America, Paracetamol internationally.

Acetaminophen treats mild to moderate pain and reduces fever.

Acetaminophen has relatively little anti-inflammatory activity compared to NSAIDs.

WHO recommends acetaminophen for treating fever in children over 38.5°C.

Acetaminophen is commonly administered orally, with various forms available.

Acute pain is sudden in onset and expected to last a short time.

The model includes biological, psychological, and social factors influencing health.

Around 50 million Americans use acetaminophen weekly for various conditions.

Caffeine can enhance the analgesic effects of acetaminophen.

Complications from acetaminophen use include asthma sensitivity and issues during pregnancy.

Local anesthetics first eliminate pain, then other sensations like temperature and touch.

Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered for its euphoric effects.

TAC, a mix of tetracaine, epinephrine, and cocaine, was used historically but is now less common.

Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST) begins with numbness and confusion.

Emla cream (lidocaine & prilocaine) is a safer alternative to cocaine in local anesthesia.

Acetaminophen works by inhibiting neurotransmitters in the CNS for pain relief.

Acetaminophen relieves pain but does not reduce inflammation or swelling.

Available in oral, rectal, buccal, and IV forms, often taken orally.

Caution is needed as heavy alcohol use increases risk of liver toxicity.

Taking more than 4 g/day can lead to liver damage; monitor dosages.

Presents as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea followed by liver damage.

Recommended maximum daily dose is 4,000 mg, safe dose is 3,250 mg.

Acetaminophen is absorbed in the small intestine and metabolized in the liver.

Often used for pain from injuries like sprains, strains, and headaches.

Many OTC cold medicines include acetaminophen; monitor overall dosage.

Safe when used appropriately; be cautious of combining medications.

Can lead to acute liver failure if excessive amounts are ingested.

Recommends acetaminophen for arthritis pain without inflammation issues.

Acetaminophen is an effective pain reliever but not anti-inflammatory.

Refers to physical aspects affecting health, such as genetics and other illnesses.

Involves mental factors that can affect health and pain experience.

Focuses on social influences on health, like support systems and environment.

Treats mild to moderate pain and reduces fever with minimal risks.

Recommended for treating fever in children above 38.5°C.

First local anesthetic used, known for its euphoric properties.

Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century.

Local anesthetics block sensation, allowing for short-term pain relief.

Asthma sensitivity and pregnancy risks include preterm birth and low birth weight.

TAC is a historical anesthetic mixture of tetracaine, epinephrine, and cocaine.

Emla cream combines lidocaine and prilocaine for local anesthesia without cocaine's risks.

Local anesthetics provide pain relief by initially blocking pain sensation.

Acetaminophen relieves pain and reduces fever but is not anti-inflammatory.

Acetaminophen effects can take up to 24 hours to occur.

Do not exceed 4,000 mg in 24 hours to avoid liver toxicity.

Available as tablets, caplets, liquid, and IV forms.

Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea indicating liver damage.

Dosage must be calculated to prevent overdoses when using multiple products.

Many cold medications contain acetaminophen; be cautious of total dosage.

Known as Tylenol in North America, Panadol internationally.

Absorbed mainly in the small intestine and metabolized in the liver.

Combining acetaminophen with caffeine can enhance its analgesic effect.

Initially presents with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea after an overdose.

Metabolized in the liver and excreted by the kidneys.

The maximum safe dosage for adults is 4,000 mg per day.

34% of aspirin-sensitive asthmatics show sensitivity to acetaminophen.

Use during pregnancy can lead to preterm birth and low birth weight.

Cocaine was the first discovered local anesthetic in the late 19th century.

Procaine, a synthetic substitute for cocaine, was the first prototype.

A mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine used as a safer alternative to cocaine.

A medication that relieves pain without causing loss of consciousness.

A substance that reduces fever.

Forms of taking acetaminophen include oral, rectal, buccal, and IV.

Liver damage caused by excessive acetaminophen intake.

The absolute maximum dosage of acetaminophen is 4,000 mg per day.

Many OTC medicines mix acetaminophen with other ingredients.

Recommended for arthritis pain, not for inflammation.

Acetaminophen is absorbed in the intestines and metabolized in the liver.

Medications like bupivacaine and lidocaine used for local pain relief during procedures.

A patch that delivers medication through the skin for localized pain relief.

Acetaminophen relieves pain by inhibiting central nervous system neurotransmitters.

Recommended for mild arthritis pain relief but not for inflammation or swelling.

Caffeine can enhance the pain-relieving effects of acetaminophen.

Commonly used for pain from injuries like strains and sprains in sports medicine.

OTC medications often combine acetaminophen with other active ingredients.

Acetaminophen acts as a pain reliever but is not an anti-inflammatory.

Available in 325 mg and 500 mg strengths commonly.

Heavy alcohol use increases the risk of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity.

Monitor total acetaminophen doses in combination medications to prevent toxicity.

The safer recommended dose of acetaminophen is 3,250 mg/day.

34% of aspirin-sensitive asthmatics may react to acetaminophen.

Acetaminophen during pregnancy can cause preterm birth or low weight babies.

Local anesthetics block pain sensation first, then temperature and touch.

Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century.

Procaine was the first synthetic local anesthetic derived from cocaine.

A local anesthetic used to block pain in specific areas.

Transdermal patch delivering lidocaine to treat pain.

Mental factors affecting health and pain experience.

Used to reduce fever across all ages safely.

Recommends acetaminophen for children above 38.5°C.

Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century.

Procaine was derived from cocaine and became the first synthetic local anesthetic.

They first eliminate pain and then reduce sensations like temperature and touch.

Used for mild arthritis pain, headaches, and fever reduction.

Heavy alcohol use increases liver toxicity risk with acetaminophen.

Acetaminophen effectively reduces fever across all ages.

Acetaminophen treats pain but has minimal anti-inflammatory effects.

Acetaminophen use during pregnancy may lead to preterm birth and low birth weight.

34% of aspirin-sensitive asthmatics may have reactions to acetaminophen.

Maximum recommended dose is 4,000 mg/day; safe dose is 3,250 mg/day.

Recommended for mild pain and fever; not anti-inflammatory.

Be cautious of combining acetaminophen with other medications to prevent overdose.

Calculating total intake is crucial to avoid exceeding daily limits.

Acetaminophen is known as paracetamol in international contexts.

Acetaminophen use during pregnancy can lead to complications like preterm birth and low birth weight.

Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century, found in coca leaves.

Local anesthetics provide short-term pain relief before other sensations are lost.

Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST) often starts with symptoms like perioral numbness and confusion.

Emla cream combines lidocaine and prilocaine as a safer alternative to cocaine for local anesthesia.

Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) can occur with rapid absorption of anesthetics into circulation.

The model consists of biological, psychological, and social factors affecting health and illness.

Used for headaches, muscle aches, arthritis, backaches, toothaches, colds, and fevers.

Leading cause of liver failure, often due to overdose.

Many OTC products contain acetaminophen; monitor dosage.

Absorbed primarily in the small intestine and metabolized in the liver.

Effective for pain relief but does not address inflammation.

Acetaminophen toxicity can occur from exceeding the max dosage.