Pharmacology of Opioids and Analgesics

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What is the primary source of opioids?

Ripe seed capsules of the poppy plant
Extract of the leaves of the poppy plant
Unripe seed capsules of the poppy plant (correct)
Stem of the poppy plant

Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic use of morphine?

Management of chronic pain
Treatment of opioid dependence
Management of acute pain
Treatment of hypertension (correct)

What is the role of methadone in opioid dependence?

To manage opioid withdrawal symptoms (correct)
To treat opioid overdose
To provide analgesia for chronic pain
To enhance the effect of other opioids

What is the mechanism of action of opioid analgesics?

Binding to opioid receptors (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a pure opioid antagonist?

Naloxone (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the WHO analgesic ladder?

To provide a stepwise approach to pain management (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins in the body?

To modulate pain perception (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common adverse effect of morphine?

Respiratory depression (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of opioid agonists on neuronal excitability?

Inhibit adenylate cyclase, decreasing intracellular cAMP (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following opioids is a partial agonist at the mu receptor?

Buprenorphine (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of opioid agonists on the vasomotor centre?

Depression (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following opioids is an antagonist at the mu receptor?

Naloxone (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of opioid agonists on the release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic neurons?

Decreased release (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a peripheral effect of morphine?

Tolerance on the urinary bladder (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of opioid agonists on potassium channels?

Activation of potassium channels (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a central depressant effect of morphine?

Respiratory depression (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pain may respond poorly to opioid analgesics?

Neuropathic pain (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of opioid analgesics in reducing pain?

Increasing pain threshold and reducing emotional reaction to pain (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary receptor responsible for the respiratory depressant effects of opioids?

Mu (μ) receptor (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of morphine on the normal REM sleep pattern?

It disrupts the normal REM sleep pattern (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of increased intracranial pressure in opioid poisoning?

Cerebrovascular dilation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of opioid analgesics on the emotional response to pain?

It reduces the emotional response to pain (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of high doses of opioid analgesics on the vasomotor center?

It decreases blood pressure (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of opioid analgesics in producing euphoria?

Activation of the mu receptor (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of methadone in opioid dependence management?

Tolerance and physical dependence develop more slowly (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of buprenorphine in opioid dependence management?

Used as an alternative to methadone (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of naltrexone in opioid dependence management?

To block the pleasurable effects leading to relapse (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of clonidine in opioid dependence management?

Acts as a centrally acting sympatholytic agent (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of tapering methadone doses over a period of weeks?

Allows for a smooth withdrawal from opioids (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why is methadone preferred over other opioids in dependence management?

It is orally effective and has a longer duration of action (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of using naltrexone in opioid dependence management?

To block the pleasurable effects leading to relapse (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does methadone help in opioid dependence management?

By occupying opioid receptors for a longer duration (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using clonidine in opioid dependence management?

To reduce the severity of withdrawal symptoms (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for tolerance to analgesia, euphoria, and sedation but not to miosis, constipation, and convulsions?

Due to down-regulation of receptor-effector coupling mechanisms (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of opioids dependence?

Through μ receptors (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of physical dependence?

Analgesia is a primary symptom (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to neurons in response to long-term opioid use?

They over-synthesize cAMP (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for the need of higher doses of opioids over time?

Due to tolerance development (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of psychological dependence?

The belief that optimal state of well-being is achieved only through the action of the drugs (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of opioid withdrawal?

Hyperventilation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for bronchospasm due to opioids?

Release of histamine from mast cells (C) Signup and view all the answers