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What is the primary source of opioids?
Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic use of morphine?
What is the role of methadone in opioid dependence?
What is the mechanism of action of opioid analgesics?
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Which of the following is a pure opioid antagonist?
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What is the primary goal of the WHO analgesic ladder?
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What is the role of enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins in the body?
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What is the most common adverse effect of morphine?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of opioid agonists on neuronal excitability?
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Which of the following opioids is a partial agonist at the mu receptor?
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What is the primary effect of opioid agonists on the vasomotor centre?
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Which of the following opioids is an antagonist at the mu receptor?
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What is the primary effect of opioid agonists on the release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic neurons?
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Which of the following is a peripheral effect of morphine?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of opioid agonists on potassium channels?
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Which of the following is a central depressant effect of morphine?
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Which type of pain may respond poorly to opioid analgesics?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of opioid analgesics in reducing pain?
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What is the primary receptor responsible for the respiratory depressant effects of opioids?
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What is the effect of morphine on the normal REM sleep pattern?
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What is the cause of increased intracranial pressure in opioid poisoning?
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What is the effect of opioid analgesics on the emotional response to pain?
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What is the effect of high doses of opioid analgesics on the vasomotor center?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of opioid analgesics in producing euphoria?
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What is the primary advantage of methadone in opioid dependence management?
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What is the role of buprenorphine in opioid dependence management?
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What is the purpose of naltrexone in opioid dependence management?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of clonidine in opioid dependence management?
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What is the benefit of tapering methadone doses over a period of weeks?
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Why is methadone preferred over other opioids in dependence management?
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What is the primary goal of using naltrexone in opioid dependence management?
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How does methadone help in opioid dependence management?
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What is the primary benefit of using clonidine in opioid dependence management?
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What is the reason for tolerance to analgesia, euphoria, and sedation but not to miosis, constipation, and convulsions?
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What is the primary mechanism of opioids dependence?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of physical dependence?
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What happens to neurons in response to long-term opioid use?
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What is the reason for the need of higher doses of opioids over time?
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What is a characteristic of psychological dependence?
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What is a symptom of opioid withdrawal?
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What is the reason for bronchospasm due to opioids?
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