BLOCK 3: MPP: EXAM REVIEW (FROM HUM'S EXAM REVIEW)
38 Questions
3 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter associated with the somatic nervous system?

  • Acetylcholine (correct)
  • Norepinephrine
  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine

    • Which type of receptor is primarily responsible for slowing the heart rate in the parasympathetic nervous system?

  • Adrenergic receptors
  • Muscarinic receptors (correct)
  • Ionotropic receptors
  • Nicotinic receptors

    • What mechanism do muscarinic receptors primarily utilize?

  • Fast ion channels
  • G-protein coupled receptors (correct)
  • Tyrosine kinase pathways
  • Voltage-gated channels

    • Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in mediating sympathetic nervous system responses?

    <p>Norepinephrine and Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do adrenergic receptors have on the body?

    <p>Mediate fight-or-flight responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class is primarily used for anxiety and sedation?

    <p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for Monoclonal Antibodies used in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Targeting amyloid plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors are Muscarinic Receptors classified as?

    <p>G-protein coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dopamine Agonists are primarily used to treat which condition?

    <p>Parkinson's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class inhibits monoamine oxidase to increase monoamine levels?

    <p>MAOIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Nicotinic Receptors (Nm type) primarily located?

    <p>At the neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism describes the action of SSRIs?

    <p>Inhibiting neurotransmitter reuptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurotransmitter signaling do Muscarinic Receptors mediate?

    <p>Parasympathetic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nicotinic receptors in the somatic nervous system?

    <p>Facilitating voluntary muscle contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which second messenger pathways are associated with muscarinic receptors?

    <p>IP3 and diacylglycerol (DAG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors are found at the autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Nicotinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do adrenergic receptors play in the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Modulating fight-or-flight responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of NMDA receptor antagonists?

    <p>Reducing excitotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class is primarily associated with enhancing GABA activity?

    <p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for SSRIs?

    <p>Inhibiting neurotransmitter reuptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor type mediates rapid communication of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>Nicotinic Receptors (Nm)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do dopamine precursors play in Parkinson's disease management?

    <p>Increasing dopamine levels in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs would inhibit the action of monoamine oxidase?

    <p>MAOIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Slowing heart rate and increasing glandular secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs is primarily used for sedation and anesthesia?

    <p>Barbiturates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are responsible for the sympathetic effects mediated by norepinephrine and epinephrine?

    <p>Adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism do nicotinic receptors primarily utilize for fast action?

    <p>Ion channels leading to rapid depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Mediating rest-and-digest responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with both somatic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are found at the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>Nicotinic receptors (Nm)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of NMDA receptor antagonists?

    <p>Reduce excitotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the action of SSRIs?

    <p>Inhibit neurotransmitter reuptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are primarily involved in mediating parasympathetic effects?

    <p>G-protein coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs primarily targets amyloid plaques to treat Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Monoclonal antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors primarily mediate rapid transmission of acetylcholine at autonomic ganglia?

    <p>Nicotinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dopamine agonists are primarily used in the treatment of which condition?

    <p>Parkinson's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs enhances GABA activity while directly depressing neuronal firing?

    <p>Barbiturates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Benzodiazepines

    • Enhance GABA activity, reducing anxiety, sedation, and muscle relaxation
    • Examples: Temazepam, Lorazepam, Diazepam, Midazolam

    Barbiturates

    • Enhance GABA and directly depress neuronal firing for sedation, anesthesia, and seizures
    • Examples: Thiopental, Pentobarbital, Phenobarbital

    NMDA Receptor Antagonists

    • Reduce excitotoxicity, used for Alzheimer's disease
    • Example: Memantine

    Monoclonal Antibodies

    • Target amyloid plaques, used in Alzheimer's disease
    • Example: Aducanumab

    SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs

    • Inhibit neurotransmitter reuptake to treat mood disorders
    • Examples: Fluoxetine, Venlafaxine, Imipramine, Clomipramine

    MAOIs

    • Inhibit monoamine oxidase to increase serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels
    • Example: Phenelzine, Tranylcypromine

    Dopamine Agonists

    • Stimulate dopamine receptors for Parkinson's disease and restless leg syndrome
    • Example: Pramipexole, Ropinirole

    Dopamine Precursors

    • Increase dopamine levels in the brain for Parkinson's disease
    • Example: Levodopa, Carbidopa

    Cholinergic Agonists

    • Stimulate muscarinic receptors to increase parasympathetic activity
    • Example: Methacholine, Bethanechol

    Adrenergic Agonists or Antagonists

    • Stimulate or inhibit adrenergic receptors to manage conditions like shock, asthma, and bradycardia
    • Example: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Isoproterenol

    Muscarinic Receptors (M)

    • G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
    • Found in parasympathetic target tissues: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
    • Mediate parasympathetic effects of acetylcholine (ACh)
    • Examples: slowing heart rate, increasing glandular secretion, constricting pupils
    • Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine (ACh)
    • Associated System: Parasympathetic Nervous System
    • Mechanism: Activation of G-protein signaling (IP3, DAG, cAMP)

    Nicotinic Receptors (N)

    • Ionotropic receptors (ion channels)
    • Found in autonomic ganglia (both sympathetic and parasympathetic) and neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle
    • Mediate rapid transmission of acetylcholine (ACh)
    • Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine (ACh)
    • Associated System: Somatic Nervous System (Nm), Autonomic Nervous System (Nn)
    • Mechanism: Fast ion channels open allowing Na+, K+, and Ca++ influx

    Cholinergic Receptors

    • Respond to acetylcholine (ACh)
    • Found in tissues innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system and at neuromuscular junctions
    • Divided into muscarinic (M) and nicotinic (N) receptors
    • Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine (ACh)
    • Associated System: Somatic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System
    • Mechanism:
      • Muscarinic: GPCRs with various second messenger pathways (cAMP, IP3/DAG)
      • Nicotinic: Ion channels (fast depolarization)

    Adrenergic Receptors

    • G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
    • Found in various target organs like the heart, lungs, blood vessels, liver
    • Mediate sympathetic effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine
    • Examples: increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and bronchodilation
    • Neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine (Epi)
    • Associated System: Sympathetic Nervous System
    • Mechanism: Modulate intracellular second messengers (e.g., cAMP, IP3/DAG) to influence cellular responses

    Somatic Nervous System

    • Uses predominantly nicotinic receptors (Nm) at the neuromuscular junction
    • Responsible for voluntary muscle contraction

    Parasympathetic Nervous System

    • Uses muscarinic receptors (M) to mediate rest-and-digest responses
    • Examples: slowing heart rate, stimulating digestion
    • Uses nicotinic receptors (Nn) at autonomic ganglia for signal transmission

    Sympathetic Nervous System

    • Uses adrenergic receptors (α and β) to mediate fight-or-flight responses
    • Examples: increasing heart rate (β1), bronchodilation (β2), and vasoconstriction (α1)

    Benzodiazepines

    • Enhance GABA activity
    • Used for anxiety, sedation, and muscle relaxation
    • Examples: Temazepam, Lorazepam, Diazepam, Midazolam

    Barbiturates

    • Enhance GABA activity and directly depress neuronal firing
    • Used for sedation, anesthesia, and seizures
    • Examples: Thiopental, Pentobarbital, Phenobarbital

    NMDA Receptor Antagonists

    • Reduce excitotoxicity
    • Used for Alzheimer's disease
    • Example: Memantine

    Monoclonal Antibodies

    • Target amyloid plaques
    • Used in Alzheimer's disease
    • Example: Aducanumab

    SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs

    • Inhibit neurotransmitter reuptake to treat mood disorders
    • Examples:
      • SSRIs: Fluoxetine
      • SNRIs: Venlafaxine
      • TCAs: Imipramine, Clomipramine

    MAOIs

    • Inhibit monoamine oxidase to increase levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
    • Used for depression
    • Examples: Phenelzine, Tranylcypromine

    Dopamine Agonists

    • Stimulate dopamine receptors
    • Used in Parkinson's disease and restless leg syndrome
    • Examples: Pramipexole, Ropinirole

    Dopamine Precursors

    • Increase dopamine levels in the brain
    • Used for Parkinson's disease
    • Examples: Levodopa, Carbidopa

    Cholinergic Agonists

    • Stimulate muscarinic receptors to increase parasympathetic activity
    • Examples: Methacholine, Bethanechol

    Adrenergic Agonists or Antagonists

    • Stimulate or inhibit adrenergic receptors to manage conditions like shock, asthma, and bradycardia
    • Examples:
      • Agonists: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Isoproterenol

    Muscarinic Receptors

    • G-protein coupled receptors
    • Found in parasympathetic target tissues like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
    • Mediate the parasympathetic effects of acetylcholine (e.g., slowing heart rate, increasing glandular secretion, constricting pupils)
    • Associated with the parasympathetic nervous system
    • Activation of G-protein signaling leads to diverse cellular responses

    Nicotinic Receptors

    • Ionotropic receptors
    • Found in:
      • Autonomic ganglia (both sympathetic and parasympathetic) - Nn
      • Neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle - Nm
    • Mediate rapid transmission of acetylcholine (ACh) at ganglia (Nn) and skeletal muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction (Nm)
    • Associated with the:
      • Somatic Nervous System (Nm)
      • Autonomic Nervous System (Nn)
    • Fast ion channels open to allow Na+, K+, and Ca++ influx, causing rapid depolarization

    Cholinergic Receptors

    • Respond to acetylcholine (ACh)
    • Found in tissues innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system and at neuromuscular junctions
    • Divided into muscarinic (M) and nicotinic (N) receptors
    • Responsible for:
      • Parasympathetic effects (e.g., slowing heart rate, muscle contraction, etc.)
    • Associated with the:
      • Somatic Nervous System
      • Parasympathetic Nervous System
    • Mechanism:
      • Muscarinic: GPCRs with various second messenger pathways (cAMP, IP3/DAG).
      • Nicotinic: Ion channels (fast depolarization).

    Adrenergic Receptors

    • G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
    • Found in various target organs such as the heart, lungs, blood vessels, liver, etc.
    • Mediate the sympathetic effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine
    • Examples of sympathetic effects: increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and bronchodilation
    • Neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine (Epi)
    • Associated with the sympathetic nervous system
    • GPCRs modulate intracellular second messengers (e.g., cAMP, IP3/DAG) which influence cellular responses such as smooth muscle contraction or relaxation

    Nervous System Summary

    • Somatic Nervous System: Primarily uses nicotinic receptors (Nm) at the neuromuscular junction for voluntary muscle contraction.
    • Parasympathetic Nervous System:
      • Uses muscarinic receptors (M) to mediate rest-and-digest responses (e.g., slowing heart rate, stimulating digestion)
      • Uses nicotinic receptors (Nn) at autonomic ganglia for transmission of signals.
    • Sympathetic Nervous System:
      • Uses adrenergic receptors (α and β) to mediate fight-or-flight responses
      • Examples of fight or flight responses: increasing heart rate (β1), bronchodilation (β2), and vasoconstriction (α1).

    Benzodiazepines

    • Enhance GABA neurotransmitter activity
    • Used for anxiety, sedation, and muscle relaxation
    • Examples: Temazepam, Lorazepam, Diazepam, Midazolam

    Barbiturates

    • Enhance GABA activity and directly depress neuronal firing
    • Used for sedation, anesthesia, and seizures
    • Examples: Thiopental, Pentobarbital, Phenobarbital

    NMDA Receptor Antagonists

    • Reduce excitotoxicity
    • Used for Alzheimer's disease
    • Example: Memantine

    Monoclonal Antibodies

    • Target amyloid plaques
    • Used in Alzheimer's disease
    • Example: Aducanumab

    SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs

    • Inhibit neurotransmitter reuptake (serotonin, norepinephrine)
    • Used to treat mood disorders
    • Examples: Fluoxetine (SSRI), Venlafaxine (SNRI), Imipramine (TCA)

    MAOIs

    • Inhibit monoamine oxidase
    • Increase levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
    • Used to treat mood disorders
    • Examples: Phenelzine, Tranylcypromine

    Dopamine Agonists

    • Stimulate dopamine receptors
    • Used in Parkinson's disease and restless leg syndrome
    • Examples: Pramipexole, Ropinirole

    Dopamine Precursors

    • Increase dopamine levels in the brain
    • Used for Parkinson's disease
    • Examples: Levodopa, Carbidopa

    Cholinergic Agonists

    • Stimulate muscarinic receptors
    • Increase parasympathetic activity
    • Examples: Methacholine, Bethanechol

    Adrenergic Agonists/Antagonists

    • Stimulate or inhibit adrenergic receptors
    • Used for conditions like shock, asthma, and bradycardia
    • Examples: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Isoproterenol

    Muscarinic Receptors (M)

    • Type: G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
    • Location: Parasympathetic target tissues (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)
    • Function: Mediate parasympathetic effects of acetylcholine (slowing heart rate, increasing glandular secretion, constricting pupils)
    • Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine (ACh)
    • Associated System: Parasympathetic Nervous System
    • Mechanism: Activates G-protein signaling (IP3, DAG, cAMP)

    Nicotinic Receptors (N)

    • Type: Ionotropic receptors (ion channels)
    • Location: Autonomic ganglia (Nn) and neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle (Nm)
    • Function: Mediate rapid transmission of acetylcholine (ACh) at ganglia (Nn) and skeletal muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction (Nm)
    • Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine (ACh)
    • Associated System: Somatic Nervous System (Nm), Autonomic Nervous System (Nn)
    • Mechanism: Fast ion channels open to allow Na+, K+, and Ca++ influx, causing rapid depolarization.

    Cholinergic Receptors

    • Type: Receptors that respond to acetylcholine (ACh)
    • Location: Tissues innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system and at neuromuscular junctions
    • Function: Divided into muscarinic (M) and nicotinic (N) receptors, responsible for parasympathetic effects (e.g., slowing heart rate, muscle contraction, etc.)
    • Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine (ACh)
    • Associated System: Somatic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System
    • Mechanism: Muscarinic: GPCRs with various second messenger pathways (cAMP, IP3/DAG). Nicotinic: Ion channels (fast depolarization).

    Adrenergic Receptors

    • Type: G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
    • Location: Various target organs (heart, lungs, blood vessels, liver, etc.)
    • Function: Mediate the sympathetic effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine (increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and bronchodilation)
    • Neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine (Epi)
    • Associated System: Sympathetic Nervous System
    • Mechanism: GPCRs modulate intracellular second messengers (e.g., cAMP, IP3/DAG), which influence cellular responses (e.g., smooth muscle contraction or relaxation)

    Summary of Nervous Systems and Receptors

    • Somatic Nervous System: Primarily uses nicotinic receptors (Nm) at the neuromuscular junction for voluntary muscle contraction
    • Parasympathetic Nervous System: Uses muscarinic receptors (M) to mediate rest-and-digest responses (e.g., slowing heart rate, stimulating digestion) and nicotinic receptors (Nn) at autonomic ganglia for transmission of signals
    • Sympathetic Nervous System: Uses adrenergic receptors (α and β) to mediate fight-or-flight responses, such as increasing heart rate (β1), bronchodilation (β2), and vasoconstriction (α1)

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your knowledge on various classes of drugs that modulate neurotransmitter activity, including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and SSRIs. This quiz covers their mechanisms of action, examples, and therapeutic uses, particularly in treating mood disorders and neurological conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser