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Questions and Answers
What occurs when neurotransmitters are removed from their receptors?
What occurs when neurotransmitters are removed from their receptors?
Which synaptic potential is characterized by transient depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane?
Which synaptic potential is characterized by transient depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane?
What role do GABA and glycine play in neural signaling?
What role do GABA and glycine play in neural signaling?
Which of the following receptors are classified as ionotropic receptors?
Which of the following receptors are classified as ionotropic receptors?
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What is the significance of synaptic integration in neural computation?
What is the significance of synaptic integration in neural computation?
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Which types of G proteins do M1, M3, and M5 metabotropic receptors couple to?
Which types of G proteins do M1, M3, and M5 metabotropic receptors couple to?
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What is the primary role of NMDA-gated channels in the brain?
What is the primary role of NMDA-gated channels in the brain?
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Which of the following is true about AMPA receptors?
Which of the following is true about AMPA receptors?
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Which neurotransmitter is predominantly associated with inhibitory synapses in the brain?
Which neurotransmitter is predominantly associated with inhibitory synapses in the brain?
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What type of receptors do benzodiazepines and barbiturates specifically target?
What type of receptors do benzodiazepines and barbiturates specifically target?
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What distinguishes the different groups of metabotropic glutamate receptors?
What distinguishes the different groups of metabotropic glutamate receptors?
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How does the probability of ionotropic GABA and glycine channels opening relate to neurotransmitter concentration?
How does the probability of ionotropic GABA and glycine channels opening relate to neurotransmitter concentration?
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Which process primarily utilizes the glutamate-glutamine cycle?
Which process primarily utilizes the glutamate-glutamine cycle?
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What effect does glycine binding to its receptors have on the postsynaptic neuron?
What effect does glycine binding to its receptors have on the postsynaptic neuron?
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Which statement accurately describes the GABAB receptor?
Which statement accurately describes the GABAB receptor?
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What role does glycine play in NMDA receptor activation?
What role does glycine play in NMDA receptor activation?
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Which neurotransmitter is synthesized from the amino acid serine?
Which neurotransmitter is synthesized from the amino acid serine?
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Barbiturates enhance the activity of which type of receptor?
Barbiturates enhance the activity of which type of receptor?
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What effect does the activation of K+ channels through GABAB receptors have on the postsynaptic cell?
What effect does the activation of K+ channels through GABAB receptors have on the postsynaptic cell?
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Which neurotransmitter is considered a biogenic amine and is derived from tyrosine?
Which neurotransmitter is considered a biogenic amine and is derived from tyrosine?
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What is the primary function of glycine in the central nervous system?
What is the primary function of glycine in the central nervous system?
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Study Notes
Metabotropic Receptors
- Metabotropic receptors are coupled to different G proteins and can thus have distinct effects on the cell
- M1, M3, and M5 are coupled to pertussis toxin-insensitive G proteins
- M2 and M4 are coupled to pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins
- Each set of G proteins is coupled to different enzymes and second messenger pathways
Glutamate
- Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system
- Glutamate has both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors
- Ionotropic receptors subtypes are AMPA, Kainate and NMDA
AMPA Receptors
- AMPA-gated channels are found in most excitatory synapses in the brain
- AMPA receptors mediate fast excitation
NMDA Receptors
- NMDA-gated channels have more complex behavior
- NMDA channels are permeable to Na+, K+, and Ca2+
- Ca2+ permeability allows NMDA receptors to influence intracellular Ca2+ levels
- Ca2+ can activate many enzymes, regulate the opening of a variety of channels, and affect the expression of genes
- Excess Ca2+ can precipitate the death of a cell
- NMDA-gated channels coexist with AMPA-gated channels in many synapses of the brain
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
- Eight genes coding for metabotropic glutamate receptors have been identified and classified into three groups
- Group I receptors are found mainly postsynaptically
- Groups II and III are found mainly presynaptically
Inhibitory Amino Acid Receptors: GABA and Glycine
- Both glycine and GABA (GABAA and GABAC) have ionotropic receptors
- Each of these receptors has a Cl- channel
Glycine
- Glycine-mediated inhibitory synapses predominate in the spinal cord
- Glycine receptors are ionotropic receptors (ligand-gated chloride channels)
- Glycine also serves as a co-agonist with glutamate at NMDA receptors in the CNS
GABA
- GABAergic synapses make up the majority of inhibitory synapses in the brain
- GABAA receptors are the targets of two major classes of drugs: benzodiazepines and barbiturates
- GABAB receptor is a metabotropic receptor
Termination of Neurotransmitter Effects
- Neurotransmitter bound to a postsynaptic neuron produces a continuous postsynaptic effect
- Neurotransmitter must be removed from its receptor
- Removal of neurotransmitters occurs when they are degraded by enzymes, reabsorbed by astrocytes or the presynaptic terminals, or diffuse from the synaptic cleft
Synaptic Delay
- Neurotransmitter must be released, diffuse across the synapse, and bind to receptor
- Synaptic delay – time needed for this process (0.3-5.0 ms)
- Synaptic delay is the rate-limiting step of neural transmission
Postsynaptic Potentials
- EPSP: Transient postsynaptic membrane depolarization by presynaptic release of neurotransmitter
- EPSPs are caused by Ach- and glutamate-gated channels
- IPSP: Transient hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential caused by presynaptic release of neurotransmitter
- IPSPs are caused by glycine- and GABA-gated channels
Synaptic Integration
- The combining of excitatory and inhibitory signals acting on adjacent membrane regions of a neuron
- In order for an action potential to occur, the sum of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (local responses) must be greater than a threshold value
Acetylcholine (ACh)
- Released from all preganglionic and most postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system and from all preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system
- Ach is the transmitter at neuromuscular junction and also within the CNS
Nicotinic ACh receptors
- Ionotrophic; nonselective cationic channel
Muscarinic ACh receptors
- There are five known muscarinic subtypes of ACh receptors (M1 to M5)
Biogenic Amines
- Dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) are biogenic amines that act as neurotransmitters
- Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are catecholamines, and they share a common biosynthetic pathway that starts with the amino acid tyrosine
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Description
Test your knowledge on metabotropic and ionotropic receptors, focusing on glutamate and its major receptor subtypes like AMPA and NMDA. Understand how these receptors influence neuronal signaling and their distinct roles within the central nervous system.