Podcast
Questions and Answers
The drug dapagliflozin is an example of an ______ inhibitor.
The drug dapagliflozin is an example of an ______ inhibitor.
SGLT2
Frusemide is a type of ______ diuretic that acts in the loop of Henle.
Frusemide is a type of ______ diuretic that acts in the loop of Henle.
loop
Hydrochlorothiazide is a ______ diuretic, known for its potassium-depleting effect.
Hydrochlorothiazide is a ______ diuretic, known for its potassium-depleting effect.
thiazide
______ is a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production.
______ is a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production.
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Albumin is a type of ______ that increases osmotic pressure.
Albumin is a type of ______ that increases osmotic pressure.
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______ is an electrolyte that maintains muscle and nerve function.
______ is an electrolyte that maintains muscle and nerve function.
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Normal saline (NS 0.9%) is an example of a ______ solution.
Normal saline (NS 0.9%) is an example of a ______ solution.
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Mannitol is a type of ______ that alters osmosis and reduces intracranial pressure.
Mannitol is a type of ______ that alters osmosis and reduces intracranial pressure.
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Naloxone is an opioid ______ that blocks effects at mu opioid receptors.
Naloxone is an opioid ______ that blocks effects at mu opioid receptors.
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Sodium Valproate is used for seizures, epilepsy, and ______.
Sodium Valproate is used for seizures, epilepsy, and ______.
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Levodopa is converted to ______ in the brain and is used for Parkinson's disease.
Levodopa is converted to ______ in the brain and is used for Parkinson's disease.
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Ranitidine acts as an H2 receptor ______ to inhibit gastric acid production.
Ranitidine acts as an H2 receptor ______ to inhibit gastric acid production.
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Metformin is a ______ that reduces liver glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity.
Metformin is a ______ that reduces liver glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity.
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Loperamide is an anti-______ medication that activates opioid receptors in the gut.
Loperamide is an anti-______ medication that activates opioid receptors in the gut.
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Sulfonylureas like Glipizide increase ______ secretion to manage Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Sulfonylureas like Glipizide increase ______ secretion to manage Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
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Study Notes
Diuretics
- Mannitol: Alters osmosis, reduces water volume and intracranial pressure (ICP).
- Indications: Cerebral oedema, increased ocular pressure.
- Risk: Fluid leaking back into interstitial spaces, potentially worsening cerebral oedema.
- Loop Diuretic (Frusemide): Blocks sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henle.
- Thiazide (Hydrochlorothiazide): Acts in the distal tubule, depletes potassium.
- K-Sparing (Spironolactone): Counteracts potassium loss.
- Indications: Hypertension, chronic renal failure.
Opioid Antagonist
- Naloxone: Blocks opioid effects at mu opioid receptors, prevents G protein coupling.
- Indications: Opioid overdose.
- Characteristics: Quick onset, short-acting; requires repeated dosing.
Anti-Seizure Medications
- Sodium Valproate (Epilim): Increases GABA, blocks sodium channels. Used for seizures, epilepsy, and mania.
- Phenobarbital (Barbital): Enhances GABA action, reduces seizure spread. Indicated for epilepsy and sedation.
- Phenytoin (Dilantin): Modulates sodium channels, stabilizing nerve excitability. Used in tonic-clonic seizures and post-surgery.
- Carbamazepine: Reduces nerve impulses, treats seizures, nerve pain, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.
- Gabapentin: Blocks nerve signals, treats seizures and nerve pain. Risk of dependence and suicidal thoughts.
- Lamotrigine: Modulates sodium channels, reduces glutamate release. Treats seizures, nerve pain, and bipolar disorder.
Dopamine Precursor and Decarboxylase Inhibitor
- Levodopa (Sinemet): Converts to dopamine in the brain, used for Parkinson's disease.
- Carbidopa: Inhibits peripheral conversion of levodopa.
Sedative
- Midazolam: Acts on GABA A receptors, calming the brain.
- Indications: Seizures, anesthesia.
Gastrointestinal (GIT)
- Histamine H2 Blockers (Ranitidine, Famotidine): H2 receptor antagonists inhibit gastric acid production.
- Indications: Gastric ulcers, heartburn, GERD.
- Anti-Diarrheal (Loperamide): Activates opioid receptors in the gut, reduces stool frequency.
- Indications: Diarrhea.
- Proton Pump Inhibitors (Pantoprazole): Suppresses gastric acid secretion.
- Indications: GI lesions, ulcers, GERD.
- Laxative (Lactulose): Prevents ammonia absorption, softens stools.
- Indications: Hepatic encephalopathy, stool softening.
Endocrine
-
Insulin: Regulates glucose metabolism, lowers blood glucose levels (BGL).
- Short-Acting: Actrapid, Novorapid
- Long-Acting: Solostar, Optisulin
- Indications: Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM, T2DM).
-
Biguanide (Metformin): Reduces liver glucose production, increases insulin sensitivity.
- Indications: First-line treatment for T2DM.
-
Sulfonylureas (Glipizide): Increases insulin secretion.
- Indications: Adjunct for T2DM.
-
SGLT2 Inhibitor (Dapagliflozin): Reduces glucose reabsorption in kidneys.
- Indications: T2DM, weight loss, fluid management.
Renal
-
Erythropoietin: Stimulates RBC production.
- Indications: Anemia in chronic renal failure or cancer.
-
Vitamin D: Increases calcium and phosphate absorption.
- Indications: Vitamin D and calcium deficiency.
-
Colloid (Albumin): Increases osmotic pressure, retains fluid intravascularly.
- Indications: Fluid resuscitation, shock, rehydration.
Electrolytes and Fluids
-
Electrolyte (Potassium): Maintains muscle and nerve function.
- Indications: Potassium deficiency.
-
Crystalloid Solutions (NS 0.9%, CSL, Dex5%): Match osmolarity of blood, no fluid shifts.
- Indications: Fluid resuscitation, shock.
-
Hypotonic Solutions (10% Dextrose, 50% Dextrose): Move water into cells.
- Indications: Hyponatremia, cellular dehydration.
-
Hypertonic Solutions (0.45% N/S): Move water out of cells.
- Indications: Hypernatremia, reduce intracranial pressure.
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Description
This quiz covers essential pharmacology concepts related to diuretics, opioid antagonists, and anti-seizure medications. It focuses on the mechanisms of action, indications, and risks associated with these drugs. Test your knowledge on crucial medication management and related clinical applications.
