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Beta blockers are primarily used for the treatment of angina pectoris.
Beta blockers are primarily used for the treatment of angina pectoris.
True (A)
What is the primary action of bipyridine derivatives like Amrinone and Milrinone?
What is the primary action of bipyridine derivatives like Amrinone and Milrinone?
- Increase heart rate
- Lower blood pressure
- Act as anticoagulants
- Promote vasodilatation and positive inotropic effects (correct)
What is a common side effect of bipyridine derivatives?
What is a common side effect of bipyridine derivatives?
Thrombocytopenia
Organic nitrates are esters of alcohols with __________.
Organic nitrates are esters of alcohols with __________.
Match the drug class with its mechanism of action:
Match the drug class with its mechanism of action:
Which medication is primarily used as a vasodilator?
Which medication is primarily used as a vasodilator?
Beta blockers are effective for all types of angina.
Beta blockers are effective for all types of angina.
What is the onset time for sublingual nitroglycerin?
What is the onset time for sublingual nitroglycerin?
The molecule Nicorandil has a dual effect leading to vasodilatation of the ____________ and peripheral vessels.
The molecule Nicorandil has a dual effect leading to vasodilatation of the ____________ and peripheral vessels.
Match the following nitrate therapies with their onset times:
Match the following nitrate therapies with their onset times:
Which of the following is NOT a method of administration for nitrate therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a method of administration for nitrate therapy?
Isosorbid mononitrate has a longer duration of action compared to sublingual nitroglycerin.
Isosorbid mononitrate has a longer duration of action compared to sublingual nitroglycerin.
Name a common side effect associated with vasodilators.
Name a common side effect associated with vasodilators.
What is the primary mechanism of action for organic nitrates in treating angina?
What is the primary mechanism of action for organic nitrates in treating angina?
Name one common application of organic nitrates in angina management.
Name one common application of organic nitrates in angina management.
Organic nitrates are primarily administered orally.
Organic nitrates are primarily administered orally.
Organic nitrates can be administered using various forms such as sublingual tablets, transdermal patches, or __________.
Organic nitrates can be administered using various forms such as sublingual tablets, transdermal patches, or __________.
Match the nitrate medication with its description:
Match the nitrate medication with its description:
Which of the following statements is true regarding low molecular weight esters?
Which of the following statements is true regarding low molecular weight esters?
Calcium channel blockers are primarily used to enhance vasodilation.
Calcium channel blockers are primarily used to enhance vasodilation.
What is the primary effect of vasodilators in angina management?
What is the primary effect of vasodilators in angina management?
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Study Notes
Bipyridine Derivatives
- Amrinone and Milrinone are bipyridine derivatives that act as phosphodiesterase inhibitors, increasing the levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the heart.
- This leads to positive inotropy, meaning increased heart contractility, and vasodilation, which helps to reduce preload and afterload on the heart.
- A common side effect of bipyridine derivatives is arrhythmias.
Beta Blockers
- Beta blockers are primarily used for angina pectoris.
- They work by blocking the effects of beta-adrenergic stimulation, leading to a reduction in heart rate, blood pressure, and myocardial oxygen demand.
- They are effective for all types of angina.
Organic Nitrates
- Organic nitrates are esters of alcohols with nitric acid.
- They are primarily used as vasodilators, leading to a decrease in blood pressure and an increase in blood flow.
- Organic nitrates are administered in various forms, including sublingual tablets, transdermal patches, and oral medications.
- A common side effect of organic nitrates is headache.
Nicorandil
- Nicorandil is a drug with a dual effect on vasodilation.
- It acts as a potassium channel opener and a nitrate, resulting in vasodilation of both coronary and peripheral vessels.
Treatment of Angina with Nitrates
- Sublingual nitroglycerin has an onset time of approximately 2-3 minutes.
- Isosorbide mononitrate has a longer duration of action compared to sublingual nitroglycerin.
- Transdermal patches have a slow onset time, but provide sustained nitrate delivery for several hours.
- Oral nitroglycerin also has a relatively slow onset of action.
Low Molecular Weight Esters
- Low molecular weight esters are metabolized quickly and have a short duration of action.
Effect of Vasodilators
- Vasodilators primarily reduce myocardial oxygen demand by lowering pre-load and after-load on the heart.
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