Vascular Diseases Quiz

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

What are the learning objectives for vascular disease?

The learning objectives for vascular disease are to classify vascular diseases, describe the characteristics of atheroma and its complications, define, classify and describe the types of aneurysm, define varicose veins, define vasculitis, and classify vascular tumors.

What is atheroma?

Atheroma is another name for atherosclerosis, which is a vascular disease that affects large and medium-sized elastic and muscular arteries.

What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?

The risk factors for atherosclerosis include age, sex, hypertension, hyperlipidemia (particularly LDL), diabetes, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and low socio-economic status.

What are the characteristics of atheromatous plaque?

Atheromatous plaque is patchy and raised, with a white to yellow appearance, and is composed of lipid deposition, fibrosis, and chronic inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

What are the age-related vascular changes?

The age-related vascular changes include fibrosis of intima and media, accumulation of ground substance, and fragmentation of elastic lamellae. Signup and view all the answers

What are the complications of atherosclerosis?

Complications of atherosclerosis include peripheral vascular disease, atheroma of distal aorta/iliac/femoral arteries, intermittent claudication, pain, ulcers, gangrene, and aneurysms. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of aneurysms?

The types of aneurysms include atherosclerotic, dissecting, berry, micro-aneurysms, syphilitic, and mycotic. Signup and view all the answers

What are the clinical consequences of atherosclerotic aneurysms?

The clinical consequences of atherosclerotic aneurysms include thrombosis, embolism, rupture, obstruction of a branch vessel, ischemic injury, and impingement on an adjacent structure. Signup and view all the answers

What are the clinical symptoms of dissecting aortic aneurysms?

The clinical symptoms of dissecting aortic aneurysms include sudden onset of excruciating pain, radiating from the anterior chest to the back between the scapulae, and moving downward as the dissection progresses. Signup and view all the answers

What are the risk factors for varicose veins?

The risk factors for varicose veins include age, sex, heredity, posture, and obesity. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how force is produced in cardiac muscle and how it differs from skeletal muscle.

Force is produced in cardiac muscle through the contraction of individual cardiac muscle cells. Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cells are connected by intercalated discs, allowing for coordinated contraction of the entire muscle mass. Signup and view all the answers

How can the force produced in cardiac muscle be influenced by extrinsic sympathetic nerves?

Extrinsic sympathetic nerves can increase the force produced in cardiac muscle by releasing norepinephrine, which binds to beta-adrenergic receptors on the cardiac muscle cells. This triggers a series of intracellular events that lead to increased calcium influx and stronger contractions. Signup and view all the answers

What are the timings of the electrical activity of the heart and how do they relate to the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle?

The electrical activity of the heart can be divided into several phases: the P wave represents atrial depolarization, the QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, and the T wave represents ventricular repolarization. These electrical events correspond to mechanical events in the cardiac cycle, such as atrial and ventricular contraction and relaxation. Signup and view all the answers

How do cardiac volume/pressure diagrams differ between the left and right sides of the heart?

In cardiac volume/pressure diagrams, the left side of the heart typically has a higher pressure and a smaller volume compared to the right side. This is because the left side of the heart pumps blood to the systemic circulation, which requires higher pressure, while the right side pumps blood to the pulmonary circulation, which has lower resistance. Signup and view all the answers

What is excitation/contraction coupling in cardiac muscle?

Excitation/contraction coupling in cardiac muscle refers to the process by which an action potential (excitation) leads to muscle contraction. It involves the opening of L-type dihydropyridine channels, influx of calcium ions, and release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via ryanodine release channels. Signup and view all the answers

How does the refractory period in cardiac muscle affect its contractility?

The refractory period in cardiac muscle ensures that the muscle cells have enough time to relax and refill with calcium ions before the next contraction. This allows for proper coordination of contractions and prevents sustained muscle contractions that can lead to arrhythmias. Signup and view all the answers

What are the events of the cardiac cycle?

The events of the cardiac cycle include atrial and ventricular contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole). These events are coordinated by electrical signals and result in the pumping of blood throughout the body. Signup and view all the answers

How does the activation of L-type dihydropyridine channels in cardiac muscle contribute to contraction?

The activation of L-type dihydropyridine channels in cardiac muscle allows for the influx of calcium ions from the extracellular space. This calcium influx triggers the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, leading to muscle contraction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?

Intercalated discs in cardiac muscle play a crucial role in allowing for coordinated contraction of the entire muscle mass. They contain gap junctions, which allow for the passage of electrical signals between adjacent muscle cells, ensuring synchronous contraction. Signup and view all the answers

How does the sequestration of calcium ions by mucopolysaccharides in cardiac T-tubules affect muscle contraction?

The sequestration of calcium ions by mucopolysaccharides in cardiac T-tubules helps regulate the availability of calcium ions for muscle contraction. It allows for precise control of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and ensures proper coordination of contractions. Signup and view all the answers