Pharmacology of Adrenaline and Beta-Blockers

<p>Increased heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-selective beta-blocker (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta 2 receptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha 1 receptor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasoconstriction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatigue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease heart workload (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can worsen heart disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asthma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta 2 receptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slows down the digestion process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are effective in managing arrhythmias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart block (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased heart rate and contractility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constriction of the bladder sphincter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease it (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathomimetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asthma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate heart rate and blood pressure during stress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dry cough (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreasing heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathomimetic drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rest and digest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By stimulating adrenergic receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conserves energy and promotes relaxation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receive signals from the sympathetic nervous system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased oxygen consumption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Part of the autonomic nervous system; controls 'fight or flight' response.

Controls involuntary bodily functions like heart rate and digestion.

Physiological changes preparing the body for a stressful situation.

Drugs mimicking the sympathetic nervous system's effects.

A well-known sympathomimetic drug released during stress.

Branch of ANS; controls 'rest and digest' response, opposite of sympathetic

Cells responding to adrenaline and other sympathomimetic drugs.

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems affect heart rate.

Adrenaline increases heart rate and blood pressure, relaxes airways, constricts blood vessels, causes sweating, and dilates pupils.

Alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptors are responsible for vasoconstriction, pupillary dilation, and contraction of the urinary and pyloric sphincters.

Beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3 receptors regulate heart rate, bronchodilation, smooth muscle relaxation, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and thermogenesis.

Alpha 1 receptors are coupled to Gq proteins, activating phospholipase C (PLC). PLC breaks down PIP2 into DAG and IP3, which trigger smooth muscle contraction.

Beta 1 receptors activate Gs proteins, which activate adenylyl cyclase (AC). AC converts ATP to cAMP, leading to increased heart rate and contractility.

Beta 2 receptors also activate Gs proteins, leading to cAMP production, which relaxes airways and smooth muscles.

Adrenaline binds to beta 1 receptors in the heart, increasing heart rate and force of contraction, leading to increased cardiac output.

Adrenaline causes vasoconstriction by stimulating alpha 1 receptors. However, it can also cause vasodilation in skeletal muscle by stimulating a2 receptors.

These receptors in the bladder wall are stimulated by adrenaline, causing muscle contraction and a feeling of urgency to urinate.

When adrenaline is released, it activates sweat glands, producing perspiration. This helps cool the body during stress.

Adrenaline stimulates alpha 1 receptors in hair follicles, causing the hair to stand on end. This is also known as 'piloerection'.

This severe allergic reaction is treated with adrenaline as the first-line response. It reverses the allergic effects quickly, preventing life-threatening consequences.

Adrenaline is used to treat acute asthma attacks. It relaxes the muscles in the airways, making it easier to breathe.

Adrenaline helps revive the heart during cardiac arrest by stimulating it to beat again. It's crucial for restoring heart function.

These drugs block the effects of the sympathetic nervous system by targeting beta receptors in the body.

Non-selective beta-blockers block both beta 1 and beta 2 receptors, while selective ones only target beta 1 receptors.

Beta blockers can slow down the heart rate, which can lead to bradycardia (slow heart rate).

Beta blockers can worsen asthma symptoms, so they are generally contraindicated in people with asthma.

Beta blockers can disrupt the electrical signals that control heart rhythm, potentially worsening heart block.

Adrenaline is added to local anesthetics to prolong their effect, decrease bleeding, reduce systemic toxicity and delay absorption.

Adrenaline acts as a physiological antagonist to histamine, meaning it has opposing effects.

Beta blockers are commonly used in the treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure) by slowing down the heart rate and reducing the force of contractions.

Adrenaline is not used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) because it can actually increase blood pressure.

Adrenaline is commonly used for a variety of conditions, including anaphylaxis, asthma, cardiac arrest and as an additive for local anesthetics.