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Questions and Answers
1000mL PNSS to infuse over ______ hours.
4
250mL PNSS to infuse over ______ hours.
5
What is the effect of Alpha 1 agonists in the blood vessels?
Which medication class increases heart rate?
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Antagonists block receptor activation by agonists.
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What happens when Alpha 1 antagonists are used?
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What effect does a Beta 1 antagonist have on heart rate?
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Which medication is an example of a Beta 2 agonist?
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High doses of Alpha 2 antagonists can lead to ______ retention.
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What is the result of blocking Beta 2 receptors?
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Study Notes
Infusion Basics
- Infusion of 1000 mL PNSS over 4 hours indicates a steady administration of fluids for patient hydration or electrolyte balance.
- Alternative infusion of 250 mL PNSS over 5 hours provides a slower delivery of fluids, useful for specific patient needs.
Drug Receptor Types
- Agonists: Activate receptors to produce physiological effects.
- Antagonists: Block receptor activation by agonists, resulting in oppositional effects.
Alpha Receptors
- Alpha 1 Receptors: Located mainly in blood vessels; activation causes vasoconstriction, which increases blood pressure.
- Alpha 2 Receptors: Found in blood vessels; their activation leads to vasodilation, reducing blood pressure.
Beta Receptors
- Beta 1 Receptors: Primarily in heart muscles; stimulation increases heart rate (tachycardia) and may elevate respiratory rates and blood pressure.
- Beta 2 Receptors: In airway smooth muscles; activation results in bronchodilation, widening airways which benefits conditions like asthma.
Antihypertensive Medications
- Antagonists can have significant effects on blood pressure regulation by blocking specific receptor pathways.
Antagonist Effects and Interactions
- Alpha 1 Antagonists: Cause vasodilation, thus lowering blood pressure due to relaxed blood vessels.
- Alpha 2 Antagonists: Block vasodilation, leading to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.
- Beta 1 Antagonists: Slow heart rate and might weaken heart contractions. Commonly prescribed for hypertension and heart conditions.
Specific Drugs and Their Effects
- Selective Alpha 1 (e.g., Prazosin): Used for hypertension without significant glucose impact, beneficial for diabetic patients.
- Non-selective Beta Blockers (e.g., Propranolol): Affect both Beta 1 and Beta 2, reducing heart rate and contractility.
Side Effects and Considerations
- High doses of Alpha 2 antagonists may cause sodium and water retention, leading to peripheral edema.
- Caution is advised with beta-blockers when taken alongside alcohol and other antihypertensives.
- Beta 2 antagonism can result in bronchoconstriction, worsening breathing conditions like asthma.
Clinical Monitoring
- Blood pressure should be monitored 15 minutes after sublingual administration of medications, particularly in acute care settings.
Hypertensive Crisis
- Defined as systolic blood pressure higher than 180 mmHg; situations involving reflex tachycardia and demands careful management to prevent complications.
Summary
- Antihypertensive medications manipulate various adrenergic receptor pathways for desired cardiovascular outcomes; understanding their mechanisms is crucial for effective clinical practice.
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Description
Test your knowledge on pharmacology concepts covered in NCM 106, focusing on intravenous infusions and receptor actions. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of antagonist and agonist mechanisms within the context of nursing studies.
