Questions and Answers
What is a significant adverse effect of vancomycin that requires monitoring?
Which medication is contraindicated in patients who consume alcohol?
What effect does sulfa methoxazole have on bacteria?
What is a major concern when administering gentamicin?
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For which condition is ciprofloxacin specifically noted to be used?
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Which medication is known to increase warfarin levels when administered together?
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Which type of medication inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria?
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What should be avoided while taking metronidazole?
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Which antibiotic is primarily used for uncomplicated bladder infections?
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What is a primary characteristic of nystatin?
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Study Notes
Gout and Treatments
- Uric acid crystals accumulate in joints causing inflammation.
- Allopurinol lowers hyperuricemia associated with severe gout.
- Adverse effects include rash and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS).
- May take 1-3 weeks for uric acid levels to decrease.
Mental Health Medications
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Lithium: Used for bipolar disorder; acts as a mood stabilizer, mimicking sodium in the body.
- Narrow therapeutic window; interacts with numerous medications.
- Maximum effect typically achieved in 4-8 weeks.
- Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs): Second-line treatment for depression; takes 4-8 weeks for full effect.
- Diazepam: A benzodiazepine; Humira is a reversal agent.
- Antipsychotics: Risperidone is notable for having milder side effects.
Pain Management Medications
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Ibuprofen: NSAID for mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation.
- Used with caution in patients with kidney disease and can increase GI events.
- Ketorolac: NSAID (Sprix, Toradol) used similarly to ibuprofen; caution against polypharmacy with NSAIDs.
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Acetaminophen (Tylenol): Alternative for those who cannot take NSAIDs.
- Adverse effects include hypotension and constipation; recommended for patients with a history of gastric ulcers.
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Opioids: Prescribed for severe pain, persistent cough, and diarrhea.
- Examples: morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl, methadone; high risk for dependency with rapid onset of effects.
Opioid Overdose Management
- Naloxone: Opioid receptor antagonist used for treating acute opioid overdose and respiratory depression.
Antibacterial Medications
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Vancomycin: Effective against MRSA infections; requires close monitoring of renal function and urine output.
- Adverse effect includes oliguria.
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Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim (Bactrim): Used for uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), given over a 3-day regimen.
- Crosses placental barrier; caution advised for pregnant women.
- Gentamicin: Prototype aminoglycoside antibiotic; major risks include neurotoxicity and ototoxicity.
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Metronidazole: Antiprotozoan; contraindicated with alcohol and may increase warfarin levels.
- Common side effects include GI upset and a metallic taste; harmful to pregnant women.
Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic Medications
- Sulfa Methoxazole: Bacteriostatic; inhibits bacterial replication rather than directly killing bacteria.
- Macrolide Antibiotics: Inhibit protein synthesis; can cause oral candidiasis if not adequately rinsed.
Specific Antifungal and Antibacterial Treatments
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Nystatin (Nystop): Superficial antifungal treatment for yeast infections; available in various forms.
- May decrease absorption; no food restrictions during administration.
- Ciprofloxacin: Fluoroquinolone that poses a risk for tendon rupture (black box warning); used to treat anthrax and other serious infections.
- Fluoroquinolones: Target atypical pathogens; effective against bacterial bronchitis and pneumonia.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of gout treatment and lithium use in bipolar disorder with this quiz. Understand the roles of allopurinol in reducing uric acid levels and the implications of lithium as a mood stabilizer. Test your knowledge on adverse effects and therapeutic windows related to these medications.
