Pharmacology Module 4 & 5 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of allopurinol in the treatment of gout?

To reduce levels of uric acid in the blood (correct)

To relieve pain during a gout attack

To manage inflammation in the joints

To prevent the formation of uric acid crystals

What is a key characteristic of lithium as a treatment for bipolar disorder?

It exclusively prevents depressive episodes

It acts similarly to potassium in the body

It interacts with many medications (correct)

It has a broad therapeutic window

Which of the following is true about TCAs as a treatment option?

It may take 4-8 weeks to see maximum effectiveness (correct)

They should not be used for recurring depression

They are effective immediately upon administration

They are usually the first-line treatment for depression

In case of a benzodiazepine overdose, which agent is typically used for reversal?

Flumazenil Signup and view all the answers

Which antipsychotic medication is noted for producing less severe side effects?

Risperidone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is contraindicated for patients with a history of gastric ulcers?

Ketorolac Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect associated with acetaminophen?

Hypotension Signup and view all the answers

Which medication class is primarily prescribed for pain relief but has a high risk for dependency?

Opioids Signup and view all the answers

Which condition would naloxone be administered for?

Acute opioid overdose Signup and view all the answers

When combining ibuprofen with ketorolac, which of the following is a potential risk?

Increased GI events Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of naloxone in medical treatment?

Counteracting opioid overdose Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of bacteriostatic antibiotics?

They inhibit the growth of bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is associated with Gentamicin?

Ototoxicity. Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored closely when administering Vancomycin?

Renal function. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical consideration when using Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim in pregnant women?

It crosses placental barrier and risks must be evaluated. Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect may increase when Metronidazole is taken with Warfarin?

Increased risk of bleeding. Signup and view all the answers

What type of pathogens can Fluoroquinolones target?

Atypical pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

How should oral candidiasis be treated with Macrolide antibiotics?

Swished in the mouth for at least 2 minutes. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding Ciprofloxacin?

It is associated with a risk of tendon rupture. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gout

Gout results from uric acid crystals depositing in joints, leading to inflammation.
Allopurinol is prescribed to decrease hyperuricemia, alleviating severe gout symptoms, with potential adverse effects including rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and takes 1-3 weeks to effectively reduce uric acid levels.

Lithium, TCAs, Diazepam, Antipsychotics

Lithium: A mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder, effectively reduces manic episodes, mimics sodium in the body, has a narrow therapeutic window, and may interact with various medications.
TCAs (Tricyclic Antidepressants): Considered when first-line treatments fail; effects may take 4-8 weeks to fully manifest.
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with flumazenil as the designated reversal agent.
Antipsychotics (e.g., Risperidone): Noted for fewer severe side effects compared to other options.

Ibuprofen, Ketorolac, Acetaminophen, Opioids, Naloxone

Ibuprofen: Caution required in patients with kidney disease; can indicate GI bleeding on positive occult blood tests; classified as an NSAID, effective for mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation; increased risk of GI events, especially when combined with other NSAIDs like Ketorolac.
Ketorolac: Marketed as Sprix/Toradol, similar cautions as ibuprofen regarding the use with other NSAIDs.
Acetaminophen: Known as Tylenol, primarily reduces fever, serves as an alternative for patients unable to take ibuprofen or aspirin; potential adverse effects include hypotension, dry mouth, constipation, and sedation; recommended cautiously in patients with a history of gastric ulcers.
Opioids: Prescribed for pain, chronic cough, and diarrhea; include morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl, and methadone; risk of dependency is significant with onset of effects within 30 minutes to 1 hour.
Naloxone: An opioid receptor antagonist used for treating acute opioid overdoses, particularly effective for respiratory depression.

Antibiotics

Bacteriostatic vs. Bactericidal

Bacteriostatic: Slows bacterial growth.
Bactericidal: Kills bacteria outright.

List of Medications

Vancomycin: An antibiotic effective against MRSA; side effects include low urine output and nephrotoxicity, requiring careful renal function monitoring.
Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim (Bactrim): Often prescribed for UTIs over a 3-day course; crosses the placental barrier, caution if used in pregnant patients.
Gentamicin: Represents aminoglycosides; notable side effects include tinnitus and hepatotoxicity; carries a black box warning for potential neurotoxicity, particularly ototoxicity.
Metronidazole: An antiprotozoan drug with contraindications against alcohol; it can elevate warfarin levels, resulting in increased bleeding risk, along with GI upset and a metallic taste.
Macrolides: Inhibit protein synthesis and are bacteriostatic; typically administered in multiple forms for treating infections; specific for oral candidiasis.
Nystatin: A superficial antifungal medication.
Ciprofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibiotic associated with tendon rupture warnings; effective against anthrax, can be taken with or without food, and combats atypical bacterial infections like bronchitis and pneumonia.

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Description

Test your knowledge on gout and the pharmacological treatments discussed in Modules 4 and 5. Learn about the effects of Allopurinol on gout and the use of Lithium, TCAs, and Diazepam in mental health treatments. Evaluate your understanding of these critical medications and their side effects.