Pharmacology Lab 4: Dosage Forms

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of dosage forms?

To increase the side effects of a drug

To alter the chemical structure of a drug

To deliver a drug molecule to the action site with minimal adverse reaction (correct)

To reduce the cost of drug production

How can dosage forms be classified?

By drug category

Only by physical form

Only by route of administration

By route of administration or physical form (correct)

What is a solid dosage form example?

Tablet (correct)

Ointment

Aerosol

Suspension

Why is coating a tablet beneficial?

To make the tablet smoother and easier to swallow Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of disintegrants in tablets?

To promote tablet break-up in the digestive tract Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a semisolid dosage form?

Ointment Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider the physicochemical properties of a drug when selecting a dosage form?

To ensure the drug is not affected by gastric juice Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for a tablet?

Tab Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of dental cones?

To prevent the multiplication of pathogenic bacteria after tooth extraction Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a powdered form of an active drug?

Arestin Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of granules?

They are solid, dry aggregates of powder particles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of vaginal suppositories?

To treat vaginal infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between ointments and creams?

Ointments contain no water Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of pastes?

They are less penetrating than ointments Signup and view all the answers

What happens when gels come into contact with the skin?

They dry and leave a thin film of active medication Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use of rectal suppositories?

To administer medication to patients who are vomiting Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of liquid dosage forms?

They do not require disintegration of the formulation Signup and view all the answers

What is an elixir?

A clear sweetened hydro-alcoholic solution Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between syrups and elixirs?

Syrups are sweeter and more viscous than elixirs Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the particles in a suspension when the container is left standing for a long time?

They settle to the bottom of the container Signup and view all the answers

What is a tincture?

An alcoholic preparation containing the active principals of vegetable drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is an emulsion?

A suspension of fat particles in a watery base Signup and view all the answers

What is a lotion?

A suspension of an active drug in a water base Signup and view all the answers

What is an intravenous (IV) injection?

A liquid administered directly into the bloodstream via a vein Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an enteric coating on a tablet?

To allow the tablet to pass through the acid in the stomach and not dissolve until it reaches the small intestine Signup and view all the answers

What type of tablet is designed to provide a continuous, sustained release of a drug over time?

Slow-release tablet Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a scored tablet?

Has indented lines dividing the tablet into two or more equal parts Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a sugar coating on a tablet?

To mask the unpleasant taste of the tablet Signup and view all the answers

What type of tablet is designed to be chewed before swallowing?

Chewable tablet Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an effervescent tablet?

Contains acid substances and carbonates or bicarbonates that react rapidly in water Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a lozenge?

To release a drug topically to the tissues of the mouth and throat Signup and view all the answers

What type of capsule is manufactured in one piece?

Soft gelatin capsule Signup and view all the answers

What is the layer of tissue where a drug is injected in a specific type of injection?

Between the skin and the muscle Signup and view all the answers

What type of preparations can drug diluents be?

Aqueous solutions or depot preparations Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of infusion therapy?

To administer medication through a needle or catheter Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of gargles?

To prevent or treat throat infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of mouthwashes?

To rinse the mouth and maintain oral hygiene Signup and view all the answers

What are extracts?

Concentrated preparations of vegetable or animal drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of gaseous dosage forms?

For topical application on skin and as local application into nose, mouth, and lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a liquid spray?

Anginovag spray Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Dosage Forms (DFs)

Dosage Forms are the means of delivering a drug molecule to the action site in the biological system to get an optimum desirable effect with the lowest adverse reaction.
DFs can be classified according to the route of administration or physical form.
Physical form classification includes: • Solid (tablets, capsules, powder, etc.) • Semisolid (ointments, creams, pastes) • Liquid (suspension, solutions, emulsion, etc.) • Gaseous (aerosols)

Aims of Preparing Different Dosage Forms

Getting an accurate dose
Protecting the drug from gastric juice
Masking taste and odor
Placing drugs within body tissues
Sustaining and controlling a drug release
Optimizing a drug action
Inserting drugs into body cavities (e.g., rectally)

Selection of a Suitable Dosage Form

Depends on the physicochemical properties of a drug (e.g., acid or base)
Depends on the site of desired drug action (local or systemic)
Depends on the required onset of response (fast or slow response)
Depends on the rate and extent of drug absorption (from different routes)
Depends on the state of the patient (e.g., conscious or not)

Solid Dosage Forms

Tablets: • Consist of active ingredient and excipients in a predetermined ratio • Excipients can include diluents, binders, granulating agents, flow aids, lubricants, disintegrants, sweeteners, and pigments • Can be coated to make it smoother, more resistant, control release rate, enhance appearance, or mask bitter taste
Types of tablets: • Scored tablets • Sugar-coated tablets • Enteric-coated tablets • Slow-release tablets • Caplets • Effervescent tablets • Chewable tablets
Capsules: • Hard gelatin capsules • Soft gelatin capsules
Lozenges: • Solid preparations formed from sugar base • Contain drug and other flavors • Designed to dissolve slowly in the mouth and release drug topically
Dental cones: • Tablets applied in empty sockets following tooth extraction • Contain antibiotic or antiseptic material
Powders: • Finely ground form of an active drug
Granules: • Consisting of solid, dry aggregates of powder particles
Suppositories: • Solid base of glycerin or cocoa butter containing a drug • Manufactured in appropriate size for rectal and vaginal use

Semisolid Dosage Forms

Creams: • Semisolid emulsions of water and oil
Ointments: • Strong emollients • Contain no water • Less skin penetration than creams
Pastes: • Mixture of powder and ointment • Less penetrating than ointment • Make a good protective barrier when placed on the skin
Gels: • Semisolid system consisting of dispersion of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle • Rendered to jelly-like by adding a gelling agent

Liquid Dosage Forms

Elixirs: • Clear, sweetened hydro-alcoholic solutions • Flavoring agents can be added to enhance palatability
Syrups: • Concentrated aqueous solution of a sugar • Usually sucrose • Contain medicaments and flavoring agents • Sweeter and more viscous than elixirs
Suspensions: • Contain fine and undissolved particles of a drug suspended in a liquid base • Need to shake the suspension bottle well before use to evenly distribute the drug particles
Tinctures: • Alcoholic preparations containing the active principals of vegetable drugs • Can be topically applied, e.g., tincture of iodine
Emulsions: • Suspension of fat particles in a watery base
Lotions: • Topically applied suspension of an active drug in a water base • Usually, some skin-moisturizing agent is added
Injections: • Method of putting liquid into the body, usually with a syringe • Methods of injection include: • Intravenous (IV) injection • Intramuscular (IM) injection • Subcutaneous (SC) injection
Infusion therapy: • Involves the administration of medication through a needle or catheter • Consists of a diluted solution that contains readily soluble constituents of crude drugs
Drops: • Different types, such as eye, nasal, and ear drops
Gargles: • Aqueous solutions used in the prevention or treatment of throat infections
Mouthwashes: • Similar to gargles but used for oral hygiene and to treat oral infections
Extracts: • Concentrated preparations containing the active principals of vegetable or animal drugs

Gaseous Dosage Forms

Gaseous dosage forms can be either as liquid or powders, which are packed in a canister that gets released upon applying pressure
The gas inside contains the active ingredient
Valve systems with continuous or limited delivery should be used within the containers
Used for topical application on skin and as local application into nose, mouth, and lungs
Packed and dispensed in: • Sprays • Liquid sprays: solutions of a drug combined with water or alcohol

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Description

This quiz covers Dosage Forms (DFs) which are used to deliver a drug molecule to the action site in the biological system. Classification of DFs is based on the route of administration or physical form.