48 Questions
What is the purpose of the fusion method described in the text?
To minimize subjecting all components to the highest temperature
What must ointments and other semisolid dosage forms meet according to USP tests?
Microbial content standards
Why are topical preparations not required to be sterile?
They are not intended for internal use
What must dermatological products be examined for in terms of microbial content?
Absence of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What are ointments, creams, and gels primarily intended for?
Topical application
When using topical products, what should be considered in pregnant or nursing patients?
Systemic drug absorption
What is the purpose of an ophthalmic ointment?
To be applied to the surface of the eye
In what ways can semisolid dosage forms like ointments, creams, and gels be used?
Topically, orally, nasally, vaginally, and rectally
What is the most favorable advantage of emulgel?
It can incorporate hydrophobic drugs
Which substance is used as a gelling agent in MetroGel?
Carbomer 934P
What does the term 'emulgel' refer to?
A combination of an emulsion and a gel
What are the components that gels may be formulated to contain, in addition to the gelling agent and water?
Solvents, antimicrobial preservatives, and stabilizers
Why is ocular ophthalmic drug penetration limited?
The short residence time on the surface of the eye due to rapid removal by tearing and other natural mechanisms.
How is the residence time of ophthalmic ointments compared to ophthalmic solutions?
Ophthalmic ointments are cleared from the eye as slowly as 0.5% per minute, compared with solutions, which can lose up to 16% of their volume per minute.
What standards must ophthalmic ointments meet in addition to quality standards for ointments?
The test for metal particles in ophthalmic ointment and USP sterility tests.
How are drugs incorporated into preparing sterile ophthalmic ointments?
Each drug, along with other components, is rendered sterile separately, aseptically weighed, and incorporated in preparing a final product that meets the sterility requirement.
What is the emollient effect of oleaginous bases on the skin?
They prevent the escape of moisture from the skin
What is a key advantage of petrolatum (Vaseline) as an oleaginous base for semi-solid dosage forms?
It can remain on the skin for long periods without drying out
Why is it difficult to incorporate water and aqueous preparations into oleaginous bases?
Water and oil are immiscible, making it hard to blend them together
What is the primary reason for using oleaginous bases in semi-solid dosage forms?
To provide an occlusive dressing effect and protect against moisture loss
What is the primary factor to consider when selecting an ointment base for drug formulation?
Release rate of the drug substance from the base
How are ointments primarily prepared when considering the nature of the ingredients?
By mixing until uniform preparation is attained
What characteristic differentiates ointments from creams in their application?
Application to dry, scaly skin
What property allows ointments to be effectively washed with water?
Softening greatly with the addition of water
What is the primary difference between white ointment and yellow ointment, USP?
White wax is substituted for yellow wax in the formula for white ointment.
What is the function of absorption bases like Hydrophilic petrolatum and lanolin?
To promote skin hydration through the addition of aqueous solutions.
What is White petrolatum, USP, primarily composed of?
Purified hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum.
Why are absorption bases like Hydrophilic petrolatum and lanolin not easily removed from the skin by water washing?
Because they provide an occlusive barrier on the skin surface.
Why is ocular ophthalmic drug penetration limited?
Due to the rapid removal by tearing and other natural mechanisms
What additional standards must ophthalmic ointments meet apart from quality standards?
Microbial content tests
How does the residence time of ophthalmic ointments compare to ophthalmic solutions?
Ophthalmic ointments have longer residence times than solutions
Why is special aseptic techniques and processing required for rendering an ophthalmic ointment sterile?
To meet the sterility requirement as per USP standards
What is the primary reason for considering systemic drug absorption when using topical products in pregnant or nursing patients?
To prevent the transfer of drugs to the fetus or nursing infant through the blood supply or breast milk
What is the primary function of absorption bases like Hydrophilic petrolatum and lanolin in semi-solid dosage forms?
To enhance the emollient effect of the preparation on the skin
What should be considered when selecting a semisolid base for treating a topical affliction?
The physical and chemical properties of the base
Which statement best describes the purpose of ophthalmic ointments?
To provide a protective barrier on the surface of the eye
What type of containers should be used to store light-sensitive semisolid preparations?
Light-resistant containers
What is the primary purpose of using a softening point close to body temperature for ophthalmic ointment bases?
To enhance comfort and drug release
Which substances are commonly used as the base in medicated and non-medicated ophthalmic ointments?
Mineral oil and white petrolatum
What labeling requirement does the USP direct for certain ointments and creams?
Include the type of base used
What is a primary advantage of oleaginous bases in semi-solid dosage forms?
They are effective as occlusive dressings
What is the emullient effect of oleaginous bases on the skin primarily attributed to?
Their immiscibility with water
Why can water and aqueous preparations be incorporated into oleaginous bases only in small amounts and with some difficulty?
Because of their immiscibility with water
What is a defining characteristic of petrolatum (Vaseline) as an oleaginous base for semi-solid dosage forms?
It can remain on the skin for long periods without drying out
What is the primary reason for the limited penetration of ocular ophthalmic drugs?
The rapid removal from the eye surface by natural mechanisms
What is the key advantage of ophthalmic ointments and gels over ophthalmic solutions?
Extended residence time on the surface of the eye
Why must ophthalmic ointments meet USP sterility tests in addition to quality standards?
To ensure safety and prevent infections in the eyes
What is the process required for rendering an ophthalmic ointment sterile?
Aseptic incorporation of components into the final product
Test your knowledge on ophthalmic drug penetration and dosage forms with this quiz. The quiz covers topics such as residence time, cornea surface area, drug absorption, and ophthalmic solutions vs. ointments.
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