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Questions and Answers
What is pharmacology primarily concerned with?
What is pharmacology primarily concerned with?
Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with an ideal drug?
Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with an ideal drug?
What defines a placebo in pharmacological studies?
What defines a placebo in pharmacological studies?
Which of the following best describes pharmacotherapy?
Which of the following best describes pharmacotherapy?
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What is a prototype drug?
What is a prototype drug?
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What primary effect does John’s Wort have on the body?
What primary effect does John’s Wort have on the body?
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Which side effect is associated with the use of Valerian?
Which side effect is associated with the use of Valerian?
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Which condition is contraindicated with the use of John's Wort?
Which condition is contraindicated with the use of John's Wort?
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What is the main application of Valerian as mentioned?
What is the main application of Valerian as mentioned?
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Which of the following is a potential risk of using Valerian?
Which of the following is a potential risk of using Valerian?
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What must be true about a drug's brand name?
What must be true about a drug's brand name?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding generic names?
Which of the following statements is true regarding generic names?
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What defines a drug's therapeutic class?
What defines a drug's therapeutic class?
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Which phase of clinical trials primarily focuses on the drug's safety?
Which phase of clinical trials primarily focuses on the drug's safety?
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What does the pharmacologic class of a drug describe?
What does the pharmacologic class of a drug describe?
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What primarily controls the metabolism of drugs in the body?
What primarily controls the metabolism of drugs in the body?
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Which of the following factors can slow metabolism?
Which of the following factors can slow metabolism?
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How does kidney function impact drug elimination?
How does kidney function impact drug elimination?
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What is the primary effect of first pass metabolism on drug administration?
What is the primary effect of first pass metabolism on drug administration?
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What is the definition of an agonist in pharmacodynamics?
What is the definition of an agonist in pharmacodynamics?
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What does a loading dose refer to in medication administration?
What does a loading dose refer to in medication administration?
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What does the duration of action refer to in pharmacodynamics?
What does the duration of action refer to in pharmacodynamics?
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What is typically the peak level of a drug in an individual?
What is typically the peak level of a drug in an individual?
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What is the primary reason for rotating application sites for patches?
What is the primary reason for rotating application sites for patches?
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Which factor does NOT affect the choice of route for drug administration?
Which factor does NOT affect the choice of route for drug administration?
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What does 'bioavailability' refer to in pharmacology?
What does 'bioavailability' refer to in pharmacology?
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Which of the following is a factor affecting drug absorption?
Which of the following is a factor affecting drug absorption?
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How does lipid solubility influence drug distribution?
How does lipid solubility influence drug distribution?
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Which barrier can limit drug access to the brain?
Which barrier can limit drug access to the brain?
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What is a disadvantage of inhalation as a route of administration?
What is a disadvantage of inhalation as a route of administration?
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Which of the following factors influences the absorption of a drug?
Which of the following factors influences the absorption of a drug?
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Which medications are commonly associated with triggering Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)?
Which medications are commonly associated with triggering Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)?
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What is a key characteristic of the physiological changes in elderly patients regarding medication?
What is a key characteristic of the physiological changes in elderly patients regarding medication?
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Which strategy is NOT recommended for reducing medication errors?
Which strategy is NOT recommended for reducing medication errors?
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What is the minimum number of medications that can indicate polypharmacy?
What is the minimum number of medications that can indicate polypharmacy?
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Which of the following is a potential consequence of reduced kidney function in elderly patients?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of reduced kidney function in elderly patients?
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Which complementary therapy includes practices such as yoga and acupuncture?
Which complementary therapy includes practices such as yoga and acupuncture?
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What adverse effect is associated with the use of antipsychotic drugs in elderly patients?
What adverse effect is associated with the use of antipsychotic drugs in elderly patients?
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What effect do NSAIDs have that can complicate medication regimens in elderly patients?
What effect do NSAIDs have that can complicate medication regimens in elderly patients?
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Which herbal supplement is linked to the risk of hepatotoxicity?
Which herbal supplement is linked to the risk of hepatotoxicity?
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Which of the following strategies may aid in medication adherence among elderly patients?
Which of the following strategies may aid in medication adherence among elderly patients?
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Which term describes when the combined effect of two drugs is greater than their individual effects?
Which term describes when the combined effect of two drugs is greater than their individual effects?
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What should be avoided when storing medications to prevent errors?
What should be avoided when storing medications to prevent errors?
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Which medication is known for potentially increasing the risk of GI bleeding?
Which medication is known for potentially increasing the risk of GI bleeding?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology Introduction
- Pharmacology is the study of drugs, their properties, effects, and interactions with living organisms.
- Pharmacotherapy is the treatment of disease using drugs
- Drugs are substances that alter physiological function.
- Placebos are inactive substances used as controls in experiments.
- Prototypes are standard examples of drugs within a class, used for comparison.
- Ideal drugs meet efficacy, safety, and convenience criteria.
Ideal Drug Characteristics
- Effectively treats, prevents, or cures the condition.
- Produces a predictable response at low doses.
- Quickly eliminated by the body.
- Can be taken infrequently.
- Affordable and obtainable.
- Administered conveniently.
- Produces no adverse effects.
- Does not interact with other medications or food.
Drug Naming
- Trade names (brand names) are created by drug companies and are easier to remember or pronounce.
- Trade names require FDA approval.
- Generic names are unique, single names per drug, starting with lower case letters.
- Examples of brand names: Viagra, Tylenol, Advil
- Examples of generic names: sildenafil, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, atorvastatin
Drug Classification
- Therapeutic classes describe what condition a drug treats (e.g., Antihypertensives, Antidepressants).
- Pharmacologic classes describe how a drug works (e.g., ACE inhibitors, SSRIs).
Drug Development and Approval
- Drug development involves lab research, pre-clinical research, and clinical trials.
- Clinical trials include safety (Phase 1), effectiveness (Phase 2), patient variability and interactions (Phase 3) phases.
- Government approval and post-marketing surveillance follow.
Controlled Drug Schedules
- Schedule 1 drugs have no accepted medical use and the highest potential for abuse.
- Schedule 2 drugs have accepted medical use and high potential for abuse leading to dependence.
- Examples of Schedule 1 drugs: Heroin, LSD, MDMA
- Examples of Schedule 2 drugs: Oxycodone, Morphine.
Legal Classification of Drugs
- Prescription drugs (Rx) are available only with a doctor's order.
- Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are available without a prescription.
Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacokinetics describes how the body handles drugs.
- Bioavailability is the amount of a drug that reaches the bloodstream after administration.
- IV administration generally has the highest bioavailability.
- First-pass effect is the reduction in bioavailability due to drug metabolism in the liver after oral administration.
Routes of Administration
- Enteral (oral) routes include tablets, capsules, or liquid forms.
- Parenteral (injection) routes include IV, IM, subcutaneous.
- Topical routes include transdermal patches, creams, or ointments.
Factors Affecting Drug Absorption
- Route of administration
- Drug solubility
- pH levels
- Presence of food
Adverse Drug Reactions and Side Effects
- Side effects are predictable and expected reactions to a drug taken at therapeutic doses.
- Adverse effects are harmful and undesirable.
- Some adverse reactions could be severe requiring immediate medical attention.
Factors Affecting Drug Metabolism and Excretion
- Age, liver function, and drug interactions can affect how the body metabolizes and excretes drugs.
Medication Error Reduction Strategies
- Knowledge and adherence to safety procedures, like proper identification and scanning of drugs.
- Collaborative approaches from various clinical staff.
- Thorough recording of drug administration and appropriate labeling.
Geriatric Care
- Physiological changes in the elderly can affect drug metabolism and excretion.
- Elderly patients may have reduced kidney and liver function.
- Drug interactions need to be assessed and minimized.
Polypharmacy and Adherence
- Polypharmacy involves taking multiple medications, increasing the risk of side effects and drug-drug interactions.
- Complicated medication regimens reduce patient adherence to treatment.
Beers Criteria
- A list of medications that are associated with increased risks in elderly patients, often due to a potentially negative effect on their health.
Herbal Supplements
- There are risks and benefits when taking herbal supplements. Some can alter how the body handles conventional medications.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of pharmacology, including drug properties, pharmacotherapy, and the characteristics of ideal drugs. This quiz covers drug naming conventions and the role of placebos and prototypes. Perfect for students and professionals looking to refresh their understanding of pharmacology.
