Pharmacology: Drug Formulation Properties Quiz

Which type of preservative causes bacterial cell death by interacting with lipid components in the cell membrane?

What does Chlorhexidine affect to exert its antibacterial activity?

What is the main antimicrobial action of Stabilized Oxychloro Complex (SOC) (Purite®)?

Which preservative is converted to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen when applied to the eye?

What is the mechanism of action of EDTA as a preservative?

Which of the following factors does drug absorption depend on in ocular drug administration?

What is the major functional barrier to ocular penetration?

Which part of the eye contains a depot for injected or surgically implanted drugs?

What role does the zonula occludens of RPE play in ocular drug administration?

Where is the major source of drug metabolizing enzymes in ocular drug administration?

Which category of drug labeling indicates that the risk to the fetus cannot be ruled out?

In which systemic condition should phenylephrine be used cautiously?

Which subsection of updated drug labeling provides information about the amount of drug in breast milk and potential effects on the breastfed child?

What is the course of an administered drug, involving absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, known as?

Which systemic condition exacerbates diabetes and may lead to poor pupil dilation?

According to Fick’s first law of diffusion, the rate of drug diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient between the compartments on either side of the barrier. Which of the following factors can affect drug absorption?

Which type of kinetics involves a rate of movement that is directly proportional to the concentration difference across the barrier and changes with time as the concentration differential changes?

Which type of kinetics involves a release of drug that is constant over time and independent of concentration?

What is the advantage of using prodrugs in pharmacology?

What is characteristic of extended release (XR or ER) medications?

Which of the following best describes a prodrug?

What distinguishes biologics from conventional drugs?

What are monoclonal antibodies?

How are biosimilars named?

What is the role of osmolarity in drug formulation?

Which of the following is a consideration for ocular drug administration?

What effect can inflammation of the eye have on ocular drug effectivity?

Which type of medications can result in cardiovascular effects when combined with Phenylephrine?

What is the potential effect of combining topical steroid with a family history of POAG (Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma)?

What should be considered when using drugs for ocular examination, diagnosis, and treatment?

What is the function of the wetting agent in ocular drug administration?

Which component acts as a buffer in ocular drug administration?

What is the role of tonicity in ocular drug administration?

What is an excipient in the context of ocular drug administration?

Which component in ocular drug administration helps maintain the integrity of the formulation?

What function does the convertible top serve in relation to tonicity in ocular drug administration?

What is the primary purpose of a wetting agent in ocular drug administration?

What is the primary role of an antioxidant in ocular drug administration?

Which component contributes to the thickness of a formulation in ocular drug administration?

What is the indication for cyclosporine 0.09% (CEQUA)?

What is the main side effect of CEQUA (cyclosporine ophthalmic solution) 0.09%?

What is the highest FDA-approved concentration of cyclosporine A for Dry Eye?

Which subjective measures show improvement with cyclosporine 0.05% (Restasis)?

What is a common reported side effect of cyclosporine 0.05% (Restasis)?

What is the percentage improvement in goblet cell number with cyclosporine 0.05% (Restasis)?

What is the core mechanism of Dry Eye Disease?

According to TFOS DEWS II, which factor plays an etiological role in Dry Eye Disease?

What is the global dry eye definition according to TFOS DEWS II?

Which factor damages the ocular surface directly and by initiating inflammation in Dry Eye Disease?

What are the etiological roles identified in the global dry eye definition according to TFOS DEWS II?

What plays an etiological role in Dry Eye Disease according to TFOS DEWS II?

What is the mechanism of action of cyclosporine in the eye?

What is the main indication for using cyclosporine 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion (Restasis)?

What are the potential serious adverse reactions of systemic cyclosporine?

How does cyclosporine affect the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the eye?

What is the main consideration for using cyclosporine 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion (Restasis)?

What is the expected timeline for significant improvement when using cyclosporine 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion (Restasis)?

Why is cyclosporine considered a lipophilic drug?

Which side effect is NOT associated with systemic cyclosporine therapy?

What is the purpose of the iTear100 device mentioned in the text?

Which adverse event is associated with the use of TYRVAYA nasal spray?

What is the mechanism of action of TYRVAYA nasal spray?

What is a potential side effect of topical corticosteroids for dry eye, as mentioned in the text?

What is the purpose of varenicline nasal spray (TYRVAYA) as discussed in the text?

What does the iTear100 device stimulate to increase tear production?

What is the most common complication associated with plug loss?

Which nerve is stimulated by electrical stimulation of the anterior ethmoid nerve?

What part of the body does the iTear100 device stimulate to increase tear production?

Which of the following is a purpose of TYRVAYA (varenicline solution) nasal spray as discussed in the text?

What does TYRVAYA (varenicline solution) nasal spray stimulate to increase basal tear film production?

Which preservative is known to cause epithelial toxicity and tear disruption?

What is the potential solution to the adverse drug reactions (ADR) caused by preservatives in artificial tear formulations?

What is the primary function of Vitamin A in artificial tear formulations?

Which artificial tear product uses Nano-droplet technology to help retain lubricant on the ocular surface?

Which artificial tear product is a hypotonic solution and promotes healing through electrolyte balance restoration and conjunctival goblet cell support?

What is the primary advantage of using Miebo (Perfluorohexyloctane Ophthalmic Solution) in ocular surface treatment?

Which characteristic differentiates Eyesol from other artificial tear products?

What factor contributes to the rapid spread of NOV03 (Perfluorohexyloctane Ophthalmic Solution) across the ocular surface?

What is the primary mode of action of Perfluorohexyloctane (PFO) in ocular surface treatment?

Which study showed benefits favoring the use of NOV03 over saline for signs and symptoms related to ocular surface treatment?

What is the primary advantage of using Systane lubricant family products in comparison to traditional artificial tear formulations?

What distinguishes Thera Tears (ATF) from other artificial tear products in terms of preservatives?

What is the net result of punctate epitheliopathy and tear film instability in dry eye disease?

Which form of Dry Eye Disease (DED) results in tear hyperosmolarity due to excessive evaporation from the exposed tear film?

Which of the following is NOT a category of dry eye treatment options?

What is the primary function of polymer in artificial tear formulation for tear supplementation?

Which polysaccharide is an example of a viscoelastic substance in artificial tear formulation?

Which of the following is a buffer used in artificial tear formulation to resist changes in pH?

What do electrolytes in artificial tear formulation primarily contribute to?

Which component of artificial tear formulation helps maintain or lower osmolarity?

What is the duration for which Lacrisert, a hydroxypropyl cellulose ophthalmic insert, softens and dissolves?

Which of the following is NOT a side effect associated with the use of ointments for tear conservation?

What is the primary purpose of lacrimal occlusion therapy?

What is the most common duration for temporary collagen lacrimal occlusive devices to dissolve?

Which type of plugs are considered permanent but can be removed if necessary?

What is the primary use of temporary synthetic plugs in tear conservation?

What is the contraindication for using silicone-based intracanalicular plugs?

How do lacrimal occlusive devices primarily contribute to tear conservation?

What is the primary function of extended dissolvable polymer plugs in tear conservation?

What is the role of collagen rods in lacrimal occlusion therapy?

What is the primary use of absorbable copolymers in temporary synthetic plugs?

Which factor contributes to the contraindication for using Freeman plugs?

What is the purpose of the Minus Lens Method for measuring the amplitude of accommodation?

What does the testing for accommodative amplitude NOT assess when performed monocularly?

What is the primary target distance for the well-illuminated near target during the Minus Lens Method for measuring the amplitude of accommodation?

What is the purpose of the Pull-away technique for amplitude of accommodation?

What is the norm for minimum amplitude of accommodation according to Donders' age-related scale?

What is the purpose of the Push-up technique for amplitude of accommodation?

What is the purpose of the MEM retinoscopy?

What is the expected monocular accommodative facility for children aged 8-12 years old with a +/-2.00 diopters lens?

What is the pass/fail criteria for binocular accommodative facility for adults using +/-2.00 diopters lenses?

What is the primary purpose of lacrimal occlusion therapy?

What is the main antimicrobial action of Stabilized Oxychloro Complex (SOC) (Purite®)?

What is the net result of punctate epitheliopathy and tear film instability in dry eye disease?

What is the purpose of Cognitive Retinoscopy described in the text?

What is the expected range for normal lag of accommodation according to the text?

What do combinations of low against motion, bright reflex, and bright pink or white color suggest according to the text?

What is the purpose of the Marsden Ball exercise?

What equipment is used for the Keystone Rotator exercise?

What is the recommended patient instruction for the Pegboard rotator exercise?

Which exercise involves using red-green filters and monitoring suppression?

What is the purpose of the Bean bag in the exercises mentioned?