Pharmacology: Drug Formulation Properties Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of preservative causes bacterial cell death by interacting with lipid components in the cell membrane?

  • Chemical
  • Detergent (Surfactant) (correct)
  • Oxidative
  • Ionic-buffered

    • What does Chlorhexidine affect to exert its antibacterial activity?

  • Corneal drug penetration
  • Cell membrane integrity (correct)
  • Cell junction formation
  • DNA, protein, and lipid components

    • What is the main antimicrobial action of Stabilized Oxychloro Complex (SOC) (Purite®)?

  • Disrupting microbial cell membranes (correct)
  • Chelating calcium for cell junction formation
  • Penetrating lipid components of the cell membrane
  • Altering DNA, protein, and lipid components of the bacterial cell

    • Which preservative is converted to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen when applied to the eye?

    <p>Sodium perborate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of EDTA as a preservative?

    <p>Chelating calcium for cell junction formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does drug absorption depend on in ocular drug administration?

    <p>Functional status of the tissue forming barrier to penetration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major functional barrier to ocular penetration?

    <p>Corneal stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye contains a depot for injected or surgically implanted drugs?

    <p>Vitreous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the zonula occludens of RPE play in ocular drug administration?

    <p>Prevents drug movement from blood to vitreous/retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the major source of drug metabolizing enzymes in ocular drug administration?

    <p>Ciliary body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of drug labeling indicates that the risk to the fetus cannot be ruled out?

    <p>Category C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which systemic condition should phenylephrine be used cautiously?

    <p>Cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subsection of updated drug labeling provides information about the amount of drug in breast milk and potential effects on the breastfed child?

    <p>Lactation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the course of an administered drug, involving absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, known as?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which systemic condition exacerbates diabetes and may lead to poor pupil dilation?

    <p>Thyroid disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Fick’s first law of diffusion, the rate of drug diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient between the compartments on either side of the barrier. Which of the following factors can affect drug absorption?

    <p>Other drugs, preservatives, infection, inflammation, neuronal control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of kinetics involves a rate of movement that is directly proportional to the concentration difference across the barrier and changes with time as the concentration differential changes?

    <p>First order kinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of kinetics involves a release of drug that is constant over time and independent of concentration?

    <p>Zero-order kinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using prodrugs in pharmacology?

    <p>Less desirable effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of extended release (XR or ER) medications?

    <p>Pill is formulated so drug is released slowly over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a prodrug?

    <p>An inactive derivative of an active drug that is converted to the active drug after tissue penetration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes biologics from conventional drugs?

    <p>Biologics are produced/developed from living organisms or contain components of living organisms using biotechnology, while conventional drugs are chemically synthesized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are monoclonal antibodies?

    <p>Lab-made clones of the body's antibodies that stimulate the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are biosimilars named?

    <p>Distinguished by a suffix without meaning and composed of 4 lowercase letters attached to the core name of the original biological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of osmolarity in drug formulation?

    <p>Determining the concentration of a solution in terms of osmoles of solutes per liter of solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consideration for ocular drug administration?

    <p>Use of other ocular medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can inflammation of the eye have on ocular drug effectivity?

    <p>Decrease the absorption of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of medications can result in cardiovascular effects when combined with Phenylephrine?

    <p>MAO inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential effect of combining topical steroid with a family history of POAG (Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma)?

    <p>Increased intraocular pressure (IOP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when using drugs for ocular examination, diagnosis, and treatment?

    <p>Current ocular conditions and drug interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the wetting agent in ocular drug administration?

    <p>Facilitate spreading and contact of the drug with the ocular surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component acts as a buffer in ocular drug administration?

    <p>Antioxidant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tonicity in ocular drug administration?

    <p>To match the tonicity of the ocular surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an excipient in the context of ocular drug administration?

    <p>Any component other than the active pharmaceutical ingredient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component in ocular drug administration helps maintain the integrity of the formulation?

    <p>Preservative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the convertible top serve in relation to tonicity in ocular drug administration?

    <p>Adjust tonicity based on temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a wetting agent in ocular drug administration?

    <p>To facilitate spreading and contact of the drug with the ocular surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of an antioxidant in ocular drug administration?

    <p>To reduce oxidative degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component contributes to the thickness of a formulation in ocular drug administration?

    <p>Viscosity enhancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for cyclosporine 0.09% (CEQUA)?

    <p>To increase tear production in keratoconjunctivitis sicca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main side effect of CEQUA (cyclosporine ophthalmic solution) 0.09%?

    <p>Pain on instillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the highest FDA-approved concentration of cyclosporine A for Dry Eye?

    <p>0.09%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subjective measures show improvement with cyclosporine 0.05% (Restasis)?

    <p>Conjunctival staining and subjective measures of dry eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reported side effect of cyclosporine 0.05% (Restasis)?

    <p>Mild ocular hyperemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage improvement in goblet cell number with cyclosporine 0.05% (Restasis)?

    <p>117%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core mechanism of Dry Eye Disease?

    <p>Tear hyperosmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to TFOS DEWS II, which factor plays an etiological role in Dry Eye Disease?

    <p>Tear film instability and hyperosmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the global dry eye definition according to TFOS DEWS II?

    <p>A multifactorial disease of the ocular surface characterized by a loss of homeostasis of the tear film</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor damages the ocular surface directly and by initiating inflammation in Dry Eye Disease?

    <p>Tear hyperosmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the etiological roles identified in the global dry eye definition according to TFOS DEWS II?

    <p>Tear film instability and hyperosmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays an etiological role in Dry Eye Disease according to TFOS DEWS II?

    <p>Ocular surface inflammation and damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of cyclosporine in the eye?

    <p>Inhibition of T lymphocyte activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main indication for using cyclosporine 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion (Restasis)?

    <p>Moderate dry eye due to ocular inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential serious adverse reactions of systemic cyclosporine?

    <p>Nephrotoxicity and hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cyclosporine affect the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the eye?

    <p>It reduces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consideration for using cyclosporine 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion (Restasis)?

    <p>No effect if diffuse loss of goblet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected timeline for significant improvement when using cyclosporine 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion (Restasis)?

    <p>&gt;6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cyclosporine considered a lipophilic drug?

    <p>It has a high affinity for lipid tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is NOT associated with systemic cyclosporine therapy?

    <p>&lt; toxic levels vs systemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the iTear100 device mentioned in the text?

    <p>To improve tear production in dry eye disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse event is associated with the use of TYRVAYA nasal spray?

    <p>Sneezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of TYRVAYA nasal spray?

    <p>Stimulates trigeminal parasympathetic pathway via the nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of topical corticosteroids for dry eye, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of varenicline nasal spray (TYRVAYA) as discussed in the text?

    <p>Improve tear production and dryness score in DED</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the iTear100 device stimulate to increase tear production?

    <p>Lacrimal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common complication associated with plug loss?

    <p>Epiphora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is stimulated by electrical stimulation of the anterior ethmoid nerve?

    <p>Trigeminal nerve (V CN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the body does the iTear100 device stimulate to increase tear production?

    <p>Lacrimal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a purpose of TYRVAYA (varenicline solution) nasal spray as discussed in the text?

    <p>Improve tear production and dryness score in DED</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does TYRVAYA (varenicline solution) nasal spray stimulate to increase basal tear film production?

    <p>Trigeminal parasympathetic pathway via the nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which preservative is known to cause epithelial toxicity and tear disruption?

    <p>Polyquaternium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential solution to the adverse drug reactions (ADR) caused by preservatives in artificial tear formulations?

    <p>Preservative-free unit dose packages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Vitamin A in artificial tear formulations?

    <p>Differentiation and maintenance of mucosal epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artificial tear product uses Nano-droplet technology to help retain lubricant on the ocular surface?

    <p>Systane COMPLETE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artificial tear product is a hypotonic solution and promotes healing through electrolyte balance restoration and conjunctival goblet cell support?

    <p>Thera Tears (ATF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using Miebo (Perfluorohexyloctane Ophthalmic Solution) in ocular surface treatment?

    <p>Formation of protective surfactant layer and prevention of evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic differentiates Eyesol from other artificial tear products?

    <p>Inert, anhydrous semifluorinated alkane formulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to the rapid spread of NOV03 (Perfluorohexyloctane Ophthalmic Solution) across the ocular surface?

    <p>Low surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of action of Perfluorohexyloctane (PFO) in ocular surface treatment?

    <p>'Static' action against lipid components in cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study showed benefits favoring the use of NOV03 over saline for signs and symptoms related to ocular surface treatment?

    <p>'SEE CLEAR' study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using Systane lubricant family products in comparison to traditional artificial tear formulations?

    <p>Formation of a stable gel meshwork on the ocular surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Thera Tears (ATF) from other artificial tear products in terms of preservatives?

    <p>Sodium perborate (preservative) with water dissociation to H2O2 then to oxygen and water by tear catalase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net result of punctate epitheliopathy and tear film instability in dry eye disease?

    <p>Tear film break-up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of Dry Eye Disease (DED) results in tear hyperosmolarity due to excessive evaporation from the exposed tear film?

    <p>EDE (Evaporative Dry Eye)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a category of dry eye treatment options?

    <p>Oral Medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of polymer in artificial tear formulation for tear supplementation?

    <p>Enhancing tear film stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which polysaccharide is an example of a viscoelastic substance in artificial tear formulation?

    <p>Sodium hyaluronate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a buffer used in artificial tear formulation to resist changes in pH?

    <p>Boric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do electrolytes in artificial tear formulation primarily contribute to?

    <p>Maintaining or lowering osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of artificial tear formulation helps maintain or lower osmolarity?

    <p>Buffers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration for which Lacrisert, a hydroxypropyl cellulose ophthalmic insert, softens and dissolves?

    <p>14-18 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a side effect associated with the use of ointments for tear conservation?

    <p>Dry eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of lacrimal occlusion therapy?

    <p>To address aqueous deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common duration for temporary collagen lacrimal occlusive devices to dissolve?

    <p>5-7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plugs are considered permanent but can be removed if necessary?

    <p>Intracanalicular silicone plugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of temporary synthetic plugs in tear conservation?

    <p>Post-surgical application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the contraindication for using silicone-based intracanalicular plugs?

    <p>Chronic dacryocystitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do lacrimal occlusive devices primarily contribute to tear conservation?

    <p>By reducing tear evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of extended dissolvable polymer plugs in tear conservation?

    <p>To reduce evaporation of tears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of collagen rods in lacrimal occlusion therapy?

    <p>To dissolve over a specific duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of absorbable copolymers in temporary synthetic plugs?

    <p>Post-surgical application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the contraindication for using Freeman plugs?

    <p>Chronic dacryocystitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Minus Lens Method for measuring the amplitude of accommodation?

    <p>To determine the patient's maximum accommodative amplitude and assess whether they can clearly see reading material at the normal distance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the testing for accommodative amplitude NOT assess when performed monocularly?

    <p>Positive relative accommodation (PRA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target distance for the well-illuminated near target during the Minus Lens Method for measuring the amplitude of accommodation?

    <p>40 centimeters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Pull-away technique for amplitude of accommodation?

    <p>To measure the linear distance at which the patient first reports clear letters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the norm for minimum amplitude of accommodation according to Donders' age-related scale?

    <p>1.00 diopter at 60 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Push-up technique for amplitude of accommodation?

    <p>To measure the linear distance at which the patient first reports blurred letters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the MEM retinoscopy?

    <p>To objectively determine a patient's accommodative posture or lag of accommodation while engaged in a task requiring moderate identification or reading grade appropriate words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected monocular accommodative facility for children aged 8-12 years old with a +/-2.00 diopters lens?

    <p>7.0 cycles per minute (cpm)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pass/fail criteria for binocular accommodative facility for adults using +/-2.00 diopters lenses?

    <p>10 CPM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of lacrimal occlusion therapy?

    <p>To conserve tears and increase ocular surface hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main antimicrobial action of Stabilized Oxychloro Complex (SOC) (Purite®)?

    <p>Exerting antibacterial activity in the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net result of punctate epitheliopathy and tear film instability in dry eye disease?

    <p>Decrease in tear film stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Cognitive Retinoscopy described in the text?

    <p>To determine the patient's ability to sustain interest and attention while reading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected range for normal lag of accommodation according to the text?

    <p>Between +0.25 and +0.75 D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do combinations of low against motion, bright reflex, and bright pink or white color suggest according to the text?

    <p>Comprehension takes substantial mental effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Marsden Ball exercise?

    <p>To improve speed and accuracy of pursuit ocular motility while minimizing head movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What equipment is used for the Keystone Rotator exercise?

    <p>Standing/keystone rotator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended patient instruction for the Pegboard rotator exercise?

    <p>&quot;Place the peg in the correct hole to make the proper pattern&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which exercise involves using red-green filters and monitoring suppression?

    <p>Keystone Rotator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Bean bag in the exercises mentioned?

    <p>To watch for improper motor responses (arms, legs, body)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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