Pharmacology Basics and Ideal Drug Properties
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Questions and Answers

What defines pharmacology?

  • The study of individual drug effects on unhealthy patients
  • The study of the development of chemical compounds
  • The study of the applications of poisons in healthcare
  • The study of drugs and their interactions with living systems (correct)

What is the primary objective of drug therapy?

  • To ensure every drug is completely effective
  • To eliminate all side effects associated with drugs
  • To achieve maximum benefits with minimum harm (correct)
  • To develop drugs for every disease condition

What is a key property of an ideal drug?

  • Consistency in all patients regardless of condition
  • Effectiveness as the most important property (correct)
  • Guaranteed safety under all conditions
  • Effectiveness in treating all known diseases

Which of the following is NOT considered a property of an ideal drug?

<p>High cost (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do all drugs possess according to pharmacological principles?

<p>Inherent side effects regardless of selectivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of Phase II and III in drug development?

<p>To assess the drug's therapeutic effects and safety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects a caution regarding new drugs?

<p>New drugs typically have more risks than established ones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary naming convention used for drugs in national board exams?

<p>Generic name (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant issue with trade names of drugs?

<p>A single drug can have multiple trade names (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is noted as a complicated aspect of using generic names?

<p>They often have complicated chemical structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of albumin binding on drug molecules?

<p>Bound drug molecules are typically inactive. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do disorders affecting albumin production influence drug therapy?

<p>They change the free and bound concentrations of drugs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the binding state of drugs to albumin?

<p>There is a dynamic state between active and inactive forms of drugs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the transport of drug molecules?

<p>Free drug molecules can exit the vascular system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of albumin in drug distribution?

<p>To transport drug molecules while keeping them inactive. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which route of medication administration typically allows for the fastest onset of action?

<p>Intravenous (IV) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor primarily determines the distribution of drugs throughout the body?

<p>Blood flow to tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of drugs crossing the placenta?

<p>Potential fetal malformations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic must a drug have to effectively cross the blood-brain barrier?

<p>Lipid solubility and a transport system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ion trapping affect drug distribution in the fetal compartment?

<p>Ionized substances can accumulate due to pH differences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can negatively impact drug therapy effectiveness in solid tumors?

<p>Low regional blood flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do plasma proteins like albumin play in drug distribution?

<p>They serve as reversible binding sites for drugs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the rate at which drugs are delivered from the bloodstream to organs?

<p>Blood flow to tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily determines the severity of allergic reactions to drugs?

<p>The degree of sensitization of the immune system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a paradoxical effect of a drug?

<p>Excitement instead of sedation from benzodiazepines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs are commonly associated with physical dependence?

<p>Opioids, alcohol, barbiturates, and amphetamines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'iatrogenic disease' refer to?

<p>Diseases produced by a healer or drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug interaction results in an increased adverse effect?

<p>Potentiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an idiosyncratic effect?

<p>An uncommon response based on genetic factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is pharmacokinetics best described?

<p>How the body metabolizes and processes the drug (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug interaction type results in a therapeutic effect of less than the expected response?

<p>Inhibition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of Phase I in new drug development?

<p>To evaluate drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can induce allergy in addition to penicillins?

<p>Sulfonamides, diuretics, and some antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is specifically associated with glucocorticoids in children?

<p>Growth suppression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor increases the risk of adverse drug reactions in older patients?

<p>Decreased hepatic blood flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one common reason for nonadherence in older adults with their medication?

<p>Memory impairments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a pharmacokinetic change in older adults?

<p>Decreased total body water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is likely to cause discoloration of developing teeth in children?

<p>Tetracyclines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of drug therapy is particularly important for older adult patients according to the Beers Criteria?

<p>Checking for potentially inappropriate medications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological change is most likely to result in drug accumulation in older adults?

<p>Decreased renal excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about pharmacokinetics in geriatric patients is true?

<p>Increased half-lives of drugs can prolong their effects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Drug

Any chemical that can affect living processes.

Pharmacology

The study of drugs and their interactions with living systems.

Therapeutics

The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease, prevent pregnancy, or for other medical purposes.

Effectiveness

The ability of a drug to produce the desired therapeutic effect.

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Safety

No such thing as a safe drug; all drugs have the potential to cause side effects.

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Phase II and III trials

Phase II and III clinical trials test a new drug's effectiveness, dosage, safety, and potential benefits in a controlled environment. They help determine if the drug is truly effective and safe for humans.

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Phase IV trials

Phase IV clinical trials track the drug's effects and safety in a large population after it's been released for general use.

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Generic name

The official name for a drug, widely recognized and used in medical settings.

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Trade name

Specific brand names given to a drug, often created by pharmaceutical companies for marketing purposes.

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Chemical formula

The complex chemical formula that describes the precise composition of a drug.

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Free Drug

The portion of a drug that is not attached to a protein, and is therefore able to exert its effects.

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Protein Binding

The process where a drug molecule binds to a protein in the blood. This binding makes the drug inactive.

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Albumin

A blood protein that plays a significant role in transporting various substances, including drugs.

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Equilibrium of Drug Binding

A dynamic process where drugs constantly move between being bound to proteins and free in the bloodstream.

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Ion Trapping

A situation where the concentration of a drug is different in various body compartments due to differences in pH levels.

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Drug Distribution

The movement of a drug from the site of absorption to the site of action.

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Blood-Brain Barrier

This barrier restricts the passage of drugs and other substances into the central nervous system due to tight junctions between capillaries.

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Drug Passage through the Placenta

The placenta, which separates maternal and fetal circulation, is not a complete barrier to drugs. Lipid-soluble drugs can easily cross, posing potential risks to the fetus.

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Plasma Protein Binding

The amount of drug bound to plasma proteins affects its distribution. A high protein binding leads to a lower concentration of free drug available to reach the target.

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Blood Flow to Tissues

The rate of drug delivery to tissues is determined by blood flow. Areas with high blood flow, like the brain and heart, receive drugs faster.

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Drug Molecule Size

The size of a drug molecule influences its ability to move across cell membranes. Smaller molecules generally diffuse more easily.

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Lipid Solubility

The ability of a drug to dissolve in fats (lipids) affects its distribution. Highly lipid-soluble drugs can cross cell membranes more readily.

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Drug Permeability

The ability of a drug to move across cell membranes is influenced by its chemical structure and properties. This includes factors like its size, lipid solubility, and ionization state.

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Idiosyncratic Effect

An uncommon drug response caused by a genetic predisposition. For example, succinylcholine-induced paralysis can last for hours in individuals with a genetic deficiency in acetylcholinesterase.

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Paradoxical Effect

The opposite effect of the intended drug response. For instance, using benzodiazepines for sedation might lead to excitement instead, especially in children and older adults.

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Physical Dependence

A state where the body adapts to long-term drug use, leading to withdrawal symptoms if the drug is stopped abruptly. Occurs with drugs like opioids, alcohol, barbiturates, and amphetamines.

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Iatrogenic Disease

A disease caused by a medical treatment, including medication. For example, antipsychotic drugs can cause Parkinson's-like symptoms.

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Drug-Drug Interaction: Addition (Potentiation)

When the combined effect of two drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of their individual effects. For example, a diuretic and a beta-blocker.

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Drug-Drug Interaction: Synergism

When the combined effect of two drugs is significantly greater than the sum of their individual effects. For example, combining two antibiotics like Bactrim.

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Drug-Drug Interaction: Inhibition

When the effect of one drug reduces the effect of another drug. For example, morphine's effects can be reversed by naloxone.

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Drug-Drug Interaction: Intensification of Effects

When a drug's effect is intensified. This can result in increased therapeutic effects, like with sulbactam and ampicillin, or in increased adverse effects, like with aspirin and warfarin.

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Drug-Drug Interaction: Reduction of Effects

Drug interactions that lead to a reduction in drug effects. This can mean reduced therapeutic effects, like with propranolol and albuterol, or reduced adverse effects, like with naloxone for morphine overdose.

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Pharmacokinetics

The study of what the body does to the drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

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Pharmacokinetics in older adults

Medications administered to older adults may have altered pharmacokinetic processes compared to younger individuals. This can lead to a greater sensitivity to drugs and significant variations in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

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Drug Metabolism in Elderly

Reduced liver function, a common consequence of aging, can decrease the metabolism of drugs, potentially leading to increased drug levels in the body and prolonged effects.

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Drug Excretion in Elderly

Declining renal function in older adults can lead to decreased drug excretion, resulting in drug accumulation and increased risk of adverse drug reactions.

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Drug Distribution in Elderly

Changes in body composition associated with aging, such as increased body fat and decreased lean body mass and water, impact the distribution of drugs, potentially affecting their concentration and potency.

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Increased Body Fat in Elderly

Higher fat content in older adults leads to increased storage of lipid-soluble drugs, potentially prolonging their effects.

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Multiple Medications in Elderly

Older adults often experience multiple health conditions, requiring multiple medications, which increases the risk of drug interactions and adverse effects.

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Reduced Protein Binding in Elderly

Reduced protein binding capacity in older adults leads to increased free drug levels, potentially amplifying drug effects and side effects.

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Noncompliance in Elderly

Poor adherence to medication regimens is a common issue in older adults, potentially leading to ineffective treatment or adverse outcomes.

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Study Notes

Pharmacology: The Basics

  • Drugs are any chemical that affects living processes
  • Pharmacology studies drugs and their interactions with living systems
  • Clinical Pharmacology studies drugs in humans
  • Therapeutics, or pharmacotherapeutics, is the use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease
  • The therapeutic objective in drug therapy is to maximize benefit with minimal harm
  • Drug therapy requires skill, judgment, knowledge, and a desire for more good than harm

Properties of an Ideal Drug

  • Effectiveness is the most critical quality of a drug
  • Safety is essential for a drug
  • Selectivity is helpful, but all drugs have side effects

Ideal Drug: Other Properties

  • Reversible Action: The drug's effect should be reversible
  • Predictability: The drug's effect should be predictable
  • Ease of Administration: Easy and convenient to administer
  • Freedom from Drug Interactions: Minimal interactions with other medications
  • Low Cost: Affordable cost for patients
  • Chemical Stability: Stable chemical properties of the drug
  • Simple Generic Names: Easy-to-remember names
  • Why is each of these properties important?

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Related Documents

NUR 613 Advanced Pharmacology and Therapeutics Exam 1 PDF

Description

This quiz covers the essential concepts of pharmacology, including the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. It also discusses the key properties of an ideal drug that maximize patient benefit while minimizing harm. Test your understanding of drug effectiveness, safety, and therapeutic applications.

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