Questions and Answers
What is a notable toxicity associated with the use of potassium in arrhythmia treatment?
Which agent is recognized for potentiating the effects of adenosine?
What is the characteristic of magnesium that allows it to have antiarrhythmic effects?
In which condition is potassium frequently used as an effective treatment?
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of heart failure?
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What type of drug is used for vasodilation in acute heart failure?
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Which drug class is known to act as aldosterone receptor antagonists in treating heart failure?
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What is the main focus in the treatment of chronic systolic heart failure?
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Which drug is specifically noted as the drug of choice in heart failure?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of Milrinone?
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Which drug is known to reduce peripheral resistance and consequently afterload?
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Which diuretic is classified as an aldosterone antagonist?
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What is a primary benefit of using B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in heart failure?
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Which of the following statements about Dobutamine is true?
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What effect does Furosemide have on salt and water retention?
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What is the half-life of Milrinone?
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What is one of the primary signs of heart failure related to digitalis toxicity?
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Which of the following drugs increases contractility by inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase?
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What is a mechanism of action for levosimendan?
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Which of the following conditions is most commonly associated with heart failure?
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What is the average half-life of digoxin in the body?
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What does omecamtiv mecarbil do to assist heart function?
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Which sign is indicative of pulmonary edema in heart failure?
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What effect does digoxin have on the Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme?
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What is the main reason ferrous salts are preferred for oral iron therapy?
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Which of the following is true regarding the comparison of oral and parenteral iron treatments?
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What is a common adverse effect of oral iron therapy?
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What type of preparation is ferumoxytol classified as?
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What potentially lethal dose of oral iron tablets can lead to acute toxicity in children?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with iron poisoning in children?
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Which iron supplement contains the highest amount of elemental iron per dose, as per the provided information?
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What is one characteristic of ferric carboxymaltose as an iron preparation?
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What is the primary mechanism by which iron crosses the luminal membrane of the intestinal mucosal cell?
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Which transporter is responsible for actively transporting iron into the blood across the basolateral membrane?
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What is the role of hephaestin in iron transport?
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What condition can iron deficiency anemia lead to?
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What is ferritin composed of?
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How is iron transported in the plasma?
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What is the daily iron requirement generally fulfilled by?
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What is the primary reason there is no mechanism for iron excretion in the body?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular Pharmacology
- Adenosine Effects: Effective in achieving sinus rhythm; short duration of action and potentiated by adenosine uptake inhibitors (e.g., dipyridamole).
- Toxicity: Common side effects include flushing, chest tightness, and dizziness.
Magnesium
- Antiarrhythmic Role: Exhibits antiarrhythmic effects in patients with normal serum magnesium levels.
- Mechanism of Action: Involves influence on Na+/K+-ATPase, sodium, potassium, and calcium channels.
- Indication: Used in patients with torsades de pointes, irrespective of serum magnesium levels.
Potassium
- Effects on Cardiac Function: Increases K+ permeability, slows ectopic pacemakers, and conduction velocity.
- Clinical Use: Generally prescribed for digitalis-induced arrhythmias and hypokalemia-related arrhythmias.
- Toxicity Risks: Overdose may lead to re-entrant arrhythmias, fibrillation, or cardiac arrest.
Heart Failure Pharmacotherapy
- Diuretics: Essential for both chronic and acute heart failure management; reduce salt, water retention, and edema.
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Digoxin: Derived from Digitalis lanata; increases cardiac contractility by inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase transport.
- Absorption: 65-80% with a half-life of 36-40 hours.
Additional Inotropic Agents
- Isaroxime: Enhances contractility via Na+/K+-ATPase inhibition and facilitates calcium sequestration.
- Levosimendan: Sensitizes troponin to calcium and inhibits phosphodiesterase, leading to vasodilation and inotropic effects.
- Milrinone: Bipyridine that increases myocardial contractility and induces vasodilation by inhibiting PDE-3.
Beta-Adrenergic Agonists
- Dobutamine: Selective beta-1 agonist increasing cardiac output and reducing ventricular filling pressure, suitable for heart failure.
ACE Inhibitors and Related Agents
- Captopril: Reduces peripheral resistance and afterload to alleviate heart failure symptoms; also has remodeling effects leading to improved mortality.
Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Pathophysiology: Most common cause of chronic anemia, presenting with pallor, fatigue, dizziness, and exertional dyspnea.
- Daily Iron Requirement: Can be met through varied dietary sources.
Iron Transport and Mechanism
- Absorption Mechanisms: Active transport (ferrous iron via DMT1) and heme complex absorption; transported bound to transferrin.
- Excretion: No physiological mechanism for iron excretion.
Iron Deficiency Treatment
- Oral Iron Preparations: Ferrous salts (sulfate, gluconate, fumarate) are most effective and recommended for treatment of iron deficiency anemia.
- Adverse Effects: Potential for acute toxicity in children; symptoms include gastroenteritis, abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea.
Clinical Toxicity
- Acute Iron Toxicity: Accidental ingestion in children can be lethal; symptoms may include vomiting, diarrhea, and shock.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the Cardiovascular, Renal, and Hematologic Pharmacology as part of the Pharmacology II course for BS in Pharmacy. Explore the details of sinus rhythm and drug interactions, as well as the impact of adenosine receptor blockers. Test your knowledge on the efficacy and actions of various pharmacological agents.
