Pharmacology II: Cardiovascular Module 1
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Pharmacology II: Cardiovascular Module 1

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Questions and Answers

What is a notable toxicity associated with the use of potassium in arrhythmia treatment?

  • Re-entrant arrhythmias (correct)
  • Hypotension
  • Nausea
  • Bradycardia

    • Which agent is recognized for potentiating the effects of adenosine?

  • Dipyridamole (correct)
  • Theophylline
  • Magnesium
  • Caffeine

    • What is the characteristic of magnesium that allows it to have antiarrhythmic effects?

  • Acts on K+ channels alone
  • Increases cardiac contractility
  • Influences Na+/K+ -ATPase among other channels (correct)
  • Potentiates coronary dilation

    • In which condition is potassium frequently used as an effective treatment?

    <p>Digitalis-induced arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of heart failure?

    <p>Chest tightness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug is used for vasodilation in acute heart failure?

    <p>Beta agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class is known to act as aldosterone receptor antagonists in treating heart failure?

    <p>Diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus in the treatment of chronic systolic heart failure?

    <p>Combination of diuretics and beta blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is specifically noted as the drug of choice in heart failure?

    <p>Furosemide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Milrinone?

    <p>Inhibiting phosphodiesterase isozyme e (PDE-3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is known to reduce peripheral resistance and consequently afterload?

    <p>Captopril</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diuretic is classified as an aldosterone antagonist?

    <p>Spironolactone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of using B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in heart failure?

    <p>Causes vasodilation and reduces preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Dobutamine is true?

    <p>It selectively stimulates beta 1 adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Furosemide have on salt and water retention?

    <p>Reduces salt and water retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of Milrinone?

    <p>3-6 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary signs of heart failure related to digitalis toxicity?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs increases contractility by inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase?

    <p>Isatroxime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mechanism of action for levosimendan?

    <p>Sensitizes troponin to calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is most commonly associated with heart failure?

    <p>Peripheral edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average half-life of digoxin in the body?

    <p>36-40 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does omecamtiv mecarbil do to assist heart function?

    <p>Activates cardiac myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign is indicative of pulmonary edema in heart failure?

    <p>Shortness of breath (SOB)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does digoxin have on the Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme?

    <p>Inhibits its activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason ferrous salts are preferred for oral iron therapy?

    <p>Ferrous iron is most efficiently absorbed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the comparison of oral and parenteral iron treatments?

    <p>Oral iron can correct anemia just as rapidly as parenteral iron when absorption is normal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of oral iron therapy?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of preparation is ferumoxytol classified as?

    <p>Colloidal iron preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potentially lethal dose of oral iron tablets can lead to acute toxicity in children?

    <p>10 tablets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with iron poisoning in children?

    <p>Severe headaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which iron supplement contains the highest amount of elemental iron per dose, as per the provided information?

    <p>Ferrous fumarate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of ferric carboxymaltose as an iron preparation?

    <p>It is embedded within a carbohydrate polymer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which iron crosses the luminal membrane of the intestinal mucosal cell?

    <p>Active transport of ferrous iron (Fe2+) by DMT1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transporter is responsible for actively transporting iron into the blood across the basolateral membrane?

    <p>Ferroportin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hephaestin in iron transport?

    <p>To oxidize ferrous iron (Fe2+) into ferric iron (Fe3+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can iron deficiency anemia lead to?

    <p>Pallor and fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ferritin composed of?

    <p>A core of ferric hydroxide and a shell of apo-ferritin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is iron transported in the plasma?

    <p>Bound to transferrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the daily iron requirement generally fulfilled by?

    <p>Iron available in a variety of foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason there is no mechanism for iron excretion in the body?

    <p>Iron is tightly regulated due to its essential role in metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular Pharmacology

    • Adenosine Effects: Effective in achieving sinus rhythm; short duration of action and potentiated by adenosine uptake inhibitors (e.g., dipyridamole).
    • Toxicity: Common side effects include flushing, chest tightness, and dizziness.

    Magnesium

    • Antiarrhythmic Role: Exhibits antiarrhythmic effects in patients with normal serum magnesium levels.
    • Mechanism of Action: Involves influence on Na+/K+-ATPase, sodium, potassium, and calcium channels.
    • Indication: Used in patients with torsades de pointes, irrespective of serum magnesium levels.

    Potassium

    • Effects on Cardiac Function: Increases K+ permeability, slows ectopic pacemakers, and conduction velocity.
    • Clinical Use: Generally prescribed for digitalis-induced arrhythmias and hypokalemia-related arrhythmias.
    • Toxicity Risks: Overdose may lead to re-entrant arrhythmias, fibrillation, or cardiac arrest.

    Heart Failure Pharmacotherapy

    • Diuretics: Essential for both chronic and acute heart failure management; reduce salt, water retention, and edema.
    • Digoxin: Derived from Digitalis lanata; increases cardiac contractility by inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase transport.
      • Absorption: 65-80% with a half-life of 36-40 hours.

    Additional Inotropic Agents

    • Isaroxime: Enhances contractility via Na+/K+-ATPase inhibition and facilitates calcium sequestration.
    • Levosimendan: Sensitizes troponin to calcium and inhibits phosphodiesterase, leading to vasodilation and inotropic effects.
    • Milrinone: Bipyridine that increases myocardial contractility and induces vasodilation by inhibiting PDE-3.

    Beta-Adrenergic Agonists

    • Dobutamine: Selective beta-1 agonist increasing cardiac output and reducing ventricular filling pressure, suitable for heart failure.
    • Captopril: Reduces peripheral resistance and afterload to alleviate heart failure symptoms; also has remodeling effects leading to improved mortality.

    Iron Deficiency Anemia

    • Pathophysiology: Most common cause of chronic anemia, presenting with pallor, fatigue, dizziness, and exertional dyspnea.
    • Daily Iron Requirement: Can be met through varied dietary sources.

    Iron Transport and Mechanism

    • Absorption Mechanisms: Active transport (ferrous iron via DMT1) and heme complex absorption; transported bound to transferrin.
    • Excretion: No physiological mechanism for iron excretion.

    Iron Deficiency Treatment

    • Oral Iron Preparations: Ferrous salts (sulfate, gluconate, fumarate) are most effective and recommended for treatment of iron deficiency anemia.
    • Adverse Effects: Potential for acute toxicity in children; symptoms include gastroenteritis, abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea.

    Clinical Toxicity

    • Acute Iron Toxicity: Accidental ingestion in children can be lethal; symptoms may include vomiting, diarrhea, and shock.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the Cardiovascular, Renal, and Hematologic Pharmacology as part of the Pharmacology II course for BS in Pharmacy. Explore the details of sinus rhythm and drug interactions, as well as the impact of adenosine receptor blockers. Test your knowledge on the efficacy and actions of various pharmacological agents.

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