30 Questions
What percentage of the human body is composed of water?
67%
What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the kidneys?
Stimulating the insertion of aquaporins in kidney tubules
What triggers the production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Increased electrolyte concentration in the blood
What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on blood vessels?
Vasoconstriction
What is the primary role of aldosterone in regulating vascular volume?
Regulating electrolyte balance
What is the consequence of excessive water loss due to inadequate water intake or low blood volume?
Increased electrolyte concentration
What is the effect of inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in the proximal convoluted tubule on sodium reabsorption?
Decreased Na+ reabsorption
What is the result of decreased H+ formation due to carbonic anhydrase inhibition?
Decreased H+/Na+ exchange by sodium–hydrogen antiporter 3
What is required for a sulfonamide to bind to carbonic anhydrase?
An unsubstituted sulfonamide
What is the risk of prolonged use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
Metabolic acidosis
What is the primary use of acetazolamide?
Treatment of glaucoma
What percentage of carbonic anhydrase inhibition is required to produce meaningful diuresis?
99%
Which of the following antihypertensive drug classes acts on the sympathetic nervous system?
Sympatholytic Drugs
What is the main focus of the learning objectives for drugs controlling fluid volume?
Chemotypes, Physicochemical properties, SAR, and PK
Which of the following is NOT a subclass of sympatholytic drugs?
Vasodilators
What is the primary function of diuretics in the context of antihypertensive therapy?
To control fluid volume
Which of the following antihypertensive drug classes acts on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
What is the term for drugs that block the action of vasopressin, a hormone that regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys?
Vasopressin antagonists
What is the primary factor driving the prevalence rates of hypertension based on race/ethnicity in the US?
Social determinants of health
Which of the following is a fixed risk factor for developing hypertension?
Family history
What is the primary purpose of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring?
To evaluate white-coat hypertension
Approximately what percentage of hypertension cases are classified as essential or primary hypertension?
92%
Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for developing hypertension?
Drinking too much alcohol
What is the typical cost of home blood pressure monitoring devices?
$40-$100
What is a unique feature of angiotensin II receptor antagonists, such as losartan?
They do not cause angioedema
What is the primary function of renin in the RAAS cascade?
Converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
What is the specific sequence recognized by the catalytic site of renin?
Pro7-Phe8-His9-Leu10-Val11-Ile12-His13-Asn14
What was a challenge in developing renin inhibitors?
The large recognition element required for inhibition
What was a common issue with peptidomimetic compounds developed as renin inhibitors?
They were too large and had poor solubility
What is the only FDA-approved, orally bioavailable transition-state renin inhibitor?
Aliskiren
This quiz covers the regulation of vascular volume and hypertension, including the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone in controlling body water levels.
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