Pharmacology I (PPT301) Fall 2024-2025 PDF

Pharmacology I (PPT301) New Mansoura University Section 6 Faculty of Pharmacy Pharm D Program Pharmacology I(PPT301) Fall 2024-2025 DRUGS ACTING ON AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)  Pharmacology I...

Pharmacology I (PPT301) New Mansoura University Section 6 Faculty of Pharmacy Pharm D Program Pharmacology I(PPT301) Fall 2024-2025 DRUGS ACTING ON AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)  Pharmacology I (PPT301) Section 6 INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this lab, students are expected to be able to: 1. Distinguish between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and identify their respective effects on the body 2. Identify autonomic acting drugs and their effects 3. Learn how to schematically identify unknown autonomic acting drugs  Pharmacology I (PPT301) Section 6 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) The autonomic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system functioning largely below the level of consciousness, and controls visceral functions. Most of ANS actions are involuntary. ANS controls: Heart rate Digestion Respiratory rate Salivation perspiration Pupil diameter Urination and defecation  Pharmacology I (PPT301) Section 6 Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Fight or flight response Rest and digest Arousal and energy Calming of nerves and generation normal function Inhibits digestion Enhances digestion  Pharmacology I (PPT301) Section 6 Drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system can be divided into: 1. Parasympathomimetics: act by mimicking the parasympathetic nervous system. Also called cholinergics because acetylcholine (ACh) is the neurotransmitter used by the parasympathetic nervous system. Chemicals in this family can act either directly by stimulating the nicotinic or muscarinic receptors, or indirectly by inhibiting cholinesterase or promoting acetylcholine release. a) Ach and its derivatives as carbachol b) Anticholinesterase as physostigmine c) Naturally present alkaloids as pilocarpine  Pharmacology I (PPT301) Section 6 2. Parasympatholytics: Atropine 3. Sympathomimetics: Adrenaline and ephedrine 4. Sympatholytics: a) Alpha blockers: phentolamine b) Beta blockers: Propranolol 5. Ganglionic stimulants: Diluted nicotine 6. Ganglionic blockers: Depolarizing blockers: Concentrated nicotine Competitive blockers: Hexamethonium  Pharmacology I (PPT301) Section 6 PARASYMPATHOMIMETICS Example: pilocarpine Pharmacological actions of pilocarpine : 1) Eye >>> miosis 2) CNS >>> tremors and mild convulsions 3) CVS >>> irregular rhythm and bradycardia 4) GIT>>> salivation , nausea , vomiting , diarrhea 5) Respiration >>> labored respiration (decrease) Rates due to accumulation of mucous in bronchi , Pulmonary edema 6) Skin >> increase sweating Finally death may occur from asphyxias or cardiac depression.  Pharmacology I (PPT301) Section 6 GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS Depolarizing blockers Competitive blockers Strongly depolarize nicotinic Occupies the nicotinic receptor receptor Ach cannot stimulate Ach cannot occupy the receptor receptor Example: conc nicotine Example: Hexamethonium, Mecamylamine Pharmacology I (PPT301) Section 6  Pharmacology I (PPT301) Section 6 PILOCARPINE Pilocarpine is a parasympathomimetic alkaloid. It is a non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist. It is a tertiary amine; therefore, it passes the blood brain barrier. Pharmacological actions: Eyes: Miosis. Smooth muscles: Increases the tone and motility of GIT, urinary bladder, bronchial muscles and uterus. Exocrine glands: Increases secretions of salivary, gastric, pancreatic, intestinal glands, sweat glands and increases lacrimation. C.V.S: Fall in blood pressure and slowing of the heart rate. CNS: stimulation followed by inhibition at higher doses. Side effects: weakness and occasionally collapse.  Pharmacology I (PPT301) Section 6 Therapeutic uses: 1.Topical drops for treatment of Glaucoma, as it lowers intraocular pressure. 2.Increases salivation in patients with xerostomia; resulting from radiation therapy. 3.Often used as an antidote for atropine and hyoscyamine poisoning. 4.Pilocarpine is used to stimulate sweat glands in a sweat test to measure the concentration of chloride and sodium that is excreted in sweat.  Pharmacology I (PPT301) Section 6 SCHEME FOR IDENTIFICATION OF DRUGS ACTING ON ANS 1.Species: 2.Sex: 3.Route of administration: 4.Weight: 5.Dose calculation: Pharmacology I (PPT301) Section 6 Observation Before adm. After adm. 1. Grip strength Normal Normal a. locomotion Normal Decrease 2. spontaneous b. Stereotypic I- Effects on CNS motor activity Normal Decrease behavior 3. Gait Normal Normal 4. Posture Normal Normal 5. Narcosis Absent Absent 6. Sleeping Absent Absent 7. Tremors Absent Absent 8. Convulsions Absent Absent II- Effects after 1. Catalepsy in induced position Absent Absent manipulation 2. Escape after touch Present Decrease III- Effects on reflexes 1. Righting Present Present 2. Corneal Present Present 3. Pain Present Present Pharmacology I (PPT301) Section 6 Observation Before adm. After adm. Pupil diameter Normal Miosis Eye Eyelids Normal Normal Eye ball Normal Nomal IV- Effects on A.N.S Salivation Normal Increase Secretions Sweat Normal Increase Lacrimation Normal Increase Urination Normal Increase Excretions Defecation Normal Increase Piloerection Absent Absent Heart Rate 400-600 bpm Decrease Respiratory Rate 200 rpm Decrease  Pharmacology I (PPT301) Section 6 Onset time: 5-10 min. Peculiarities: increase in salivation, lacrimation, urination and defecation. Conclusion: Class: A.N.S acting drug Group: Parasympathomimetic The drug may be Pilocarpine  Pharmacology I (PPT301) Section 6 Pharmacological actions of Nicotine: Tremors especially in the middle phalange of the hind-limb of the frog G.I.T: burning sensation in the mouth nausea vomiting diarrhea abdominal pain C.V.S INITIAL rise of B.P followed by a fall C.N.S: convulsion Eye: initially constricted then dilated Skin: sweating cold clammy skin Respiration: Dyspnea: the cause of death is respiratory failure  Pharmacology I (PPT301) Section 6 1. Species 2. Weight: 3. Route of administration : 4. Dose (mg/kg): 5. Conc (g%): 6. Calculated Dose (ml): Pharmacology I (PPT301) Section 6 Item Before Administration fterAdministration General Features Vitality: 2.Excitability: 3.Gait: 4.Posture: 5.Eye: a.Eyeball b. Pupil size 6. Reflexes a. Righting reflex b. Light reflex c. Touch reflex d. Pain reflex e. Corneal reflex  Pharmacology I (PPT301) Section 6 7.Secretions and excretion Circulatory and Respiratory measures 1.Heart rate 2.Respiratory rate Conclusion Onset of drug action: Group: Sub group: Peculiarities: 1 Drug maybe: 2 3 4