Pharmacology Final Exam Study Guide

To relieve allergy symptoms like sneezing, runny nose, and itching.

To suppress coughs.

Often used as a pain reliever and cough suppressant.

Reduces cough reflex.

To help loosen and thin mucus in the lungs, making it easier to cough up.

Can lead to rebound congestion and dependence.

Educate patients about proper inhaler technique and potential side effects like tremors or nervousness.

To open up the airways and improve breathing.

Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and irregular heartbeats.

Monitoring of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is key.

Dry mouth, a common side effect of certain medications.

A nasal decongestant used to relieve nasal congestion.

A sudden narrowing of the airways, making breathing difficult.

Common side effects include tremors, nervousness, and headache.

Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, headache, and seizures.

Educate patients about healthy diet and lifestyle changes, and importance of regular monitoring of lipid levels.

Used to treat high blood pressure, heart rhythm problems, and migraines.

Teach patients how to take nitroglycerin for chest pain, including dose, frequency, and storage.

Protamine sulfate is the antidote for heparin overdose.

Patients should avoid foods high in vitamin K, like leafy greens, as they can interfere with warfarin's action.

Antihistamines block the effects of histamine, a chemical released by the body during allergic reactions. They help relieve allergy symptoms like sneezing, itching, and runny nose.

Codeine is primarily used for pain relief and as a cough suppressant. It is an opioid, but weaker than morphine.

Dextromethorphan is an antitussive, meaning it reduces cough reflex by acting on the brain.

Expectorants help thin and loosen mucus in the lungs, making it easier to cough up.

Xerostomia refers to dry mouth. It can be caused by medications, medical conditions, or even dehydration.

Beta-blockers are a type of medication that blocks the effects of adrenaline and other hormones on the heart and blood vessels, often used to lower blood pressure.

A bronchospasm is a sudden narrowing of the airways in the lungs, making breathing difficult. It can be caused by allergies, asthma, or other irritants.

Theophylline is a medicine used to treat asthma and other lung conditions. It relaxes the muscles in the airways, making it easier to breathe.

Tremors are a common side effect of short-acting beta2 agonists, which are used to open up the airways in asthma or other lung conditions.

A powerful pain reliever and cough suppressant. It's a type of opioid, but weaker than morphine.

An antitussive that acts on the brain to reduce the cough reflex.

Medicines that shrink swollen blood vessels in the nose, helping to relieve congestion.

A common nasal decongestant used to relieve nasal congestion.

A quick-acting medicine that opens up the airways, helping to relieve bronchospasms (sudden narrowing of the airways) and prevent exercise-induced asthma.

A medicine used to treat asthma and other lung conditions. It works by relaxing the muscles in the airways, making it easier to breathe.

Aspirin should not be given to children with viral infections, as this can increase the risk of developing Reyes Syndrome, a rare but serious liver and brain disorder.

The maximum safe daily dose of acetaminophen is 4 grams. Exceeding this limit can lead to severe liver damage.

Naloxone is the antidote for morphine overdose, which means it can reverse the effects of morphine and restore breathing.

Toxicity symptoms of Digoxin include nausea, vomiting, and vision changes, specifically seeing yellow halos around lights.

The maximum safe daily dose of Acetaminophen is 4 grams. Exceeding this can lead to liver damage.

Common side effects of antihistamines include drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, blurred vision, and upset stomach.

Codeine is a powerful pain reliever and cough suppressant, but it can be addictive. It is important to take it only as prescribed, avoid alcohol and other CNS depressants, and be aware of the risk of dependency.

Expectorants help loosen mucus in the lungs. To make them work best, drink plenty of fluids and take them with a full glass of water.

Using nasal decongestants for too long can lead to rebound congestion, where your nose becomes even more congested after you stop using the medication. This is called rhinitis medicamentosa.

Theophylline is a medication used for asthma and other lung conditions. If you take too much, you can experience nausea, vomiting, seizures, and heart rhythm problems.