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Questions and Answers
What organ oversees the excretion of medications?
What organ oversees the excretion of medications?
Kidneys
What organ oversees the metabolism of medications?
What organ oversees the metabolism of medications?
Liver
Which route has the fastest absorption rate?
Which route has the fastest absorption rate?
What is the term for the movement of a drug through the body?
What is the term for the movement of a drug through the body?
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What is the term for the effect a drug has on the body?
What is the term for the effect a drug has on the body?
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What is the term for the time it takes for the concentration of a medication in the blood to reach half of its initial concentration?
What is the term for the time it takes for the concentration of a medication in the blood to reach half of its initial concentration?
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What does peak drug level indicate and when is it typically drawn?
What does peak drug level indicate and when is it typically drawn?
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What does trough drug level indicate and when is it typically drawn?
What does trough drug level indicate and when is it typically drawn?
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What is the term for the process where the liver metabolizes a portion of a drug before it reaches systemic circulation?
What is the term for the process where the liver metabolizes a portion of a drug before it reaches systemic circulation?
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What is the term for the amount of drug available to act on the body after going through the first-pass effect?
What is the term for the amount of drug available to act on the body after going through the first-pass effect?
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What does high protein-bound refer to in a medication?
What does high protein-bound refer to in a medication?
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What are the main physiological changes that occur during pregnancy that affect the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of drugs?
What are the main physiological changes that occur during pregnancy that affect the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of drugs?
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What physiological change in the elderly is the most significant in terms of drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion?
What physiological change in the elderly is the most significant in terms of drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion?
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What trimester is the highest risk time for teratogenic effects from medications?
What trimester is the highest risk time for teratogenic effects from medications?
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Which of the following strategies can help promote drug adherence in elderly patients?
Which of the following strategies can help promote drug adherence in elderly patients?
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What are the main ways to promote drug adherence in elderly patients?
What are the main ways to promote drug adherence in elderly patients?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology Final Exam
- Exam format: 70 multiple-choice, multi-select, T/F questions, 120 minutes
- Calculator required, metrology section at the end
- Scratch paper provided
- 55% of the exam covers post-midterm content
Metrology
- 5 questions
- Review provided on the last page of material
- Includes calculations for drug dosages, drip rates, and infusion rates
- Conversions include grams, kilograms, milliliters, and hours
Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics
- Organ responsible for excretion: Kidneys
- Organ responsible for metabolism: Liver
- Fastest absorption route: Intravenous (IV)
- Pharmacodynamics: How the drug affects the body
- Pharmacokinetics: Movement of the drug through the body
- Drug half-life: Time for drug concentration to reach half of its initial concentration
- Peak drug level: Maximum concentration (drawn 30 minutes post-IV infusion or 60 minutes post-pill)
Cholinergics and Adrenergics
- Cholinergics and adrenergics are types of drugs that affect the nervous system.
- Cholinergic agonits/muscarinic agonists: Side effects are remembered by the acronym DUMBELLS
- Anticholinergics/Antimuscarinics: Side effects are remembered by the acronym BUDCAT
- Bethanechol overdose reversal agent: Atropine
- Review effects of cholinergic/adrenergic activation
Anti-inflammatory
- COX 1 & 2 roles and therapeutic/side effects of inhibitors reviewed
Medications
- Review of common medications, uses, safety considerations, labs, side effects, and patient education.
- Furosemide (loop diuretic): Monitor I&O, electrolytes, and hearing changes; side effects include dizziness, lightheadedness, dehydration, hypotension, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and tinnitus
- Hydrochlorothiazide (thiazide diuretic): Monitor BP, glucose, and I&O; side effects include hypotension, hyperglycemia
- ACE inhibitors (e.g., Lisinopril, captopril): Monitor for swelling of face, mouth, tongue; side effects include nonproductive cough, insomnia, headache, dizziness, hyperkalemia, and hypotension
- ARBs (e.g., losartan, valsartan): Monitor for angioedema and electrolytes; side effects include dizziness, hypotension, headache, weakness, and hyperkalemia
- Hydralazine: Monitor for dehydration, BP, swelling; side effects include hypotension, reflex tachycardia, headache, dizziness, edema, congestion, anorexia, nausea, and diarrhea
- Propranolol (beta-blocker): Monitor for pulse, BP, and ECG changes; side effects include bradycardia, hypotension, heart failure, and AV block
- Statins (e.g., simvastatin): Monitor for liver function and glucose levels; side effects include GI issues, hyperglycemia, and muscle injury
- Pantoprazole (PPI): Monitor for dehydration; side effects include headache, nausea, and diarrhea
- Heparin: Monitor for PTT changes; side effects include bleeding and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
- Warfarin: Monitor for PTT and INR; side effects include bleeding
- Clopidogrel: Monitor for bleeding; side effects include bleeding
- Adenosine: Monitor for pulse, respiration, and chest pain; side effects include bradycardia, dyspnea, and chest pain.
- Atropine:
- Albuterol: Monitor potassium, pulse, and BP; side effects include headache, nervousness, tremors, insomnia, hypokalemia, bronchospasms, palpitations, tachycardia, and HTN.
- Vancomycin: Monitor BUN, GFR, creatinine, flushing, pulse, BP, and clotting; side effects include renal failure, red man syndrome, ototoxicity, and thrombophlebitis
- Penicillin: Monitor for C. Diff; side effects include allergic reactions, bleeding, alcohol intolerance, and thrombophlebitis.
- Ceftriaxone: Monitor hematocrit, hemoglobin, and clotting/clotting; side effects include allergic reactions, bleeding, alcohol intolerance, and thrombophlebitis.
- Insulin review of different types, including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting
- Metformin: Monitor glucose, vitamin B12, folic acid, and renal studies. Side effects include GI disturbances, impaired vitamin B12 and folic acid absorption, and lactic acidosis.
- Pioglitazone: Monitor edema, liver function, bladder cancer, bone health, and glucose side effects include fluid retention, impaired liver function, bladder cancer, fractures, hypoglycemia, ovulation
- Steroids (Prednisone, methylprednisolone): Monitor infections, bone health, glucose, and BP. Side effects include infections, mood swings, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, GI upset, Cushing's syndrome, HTN, glaucoma
- Levothyroxine: Monitor for dehydration, weight, pulse, BP, seizures, glucose. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, nervousness, tremors, weight loss, tachycardia, hypertension, seizures
- Latanoprost: Monitor for eye pain, vision changes, dry eyes; side effects include iris color changes, eye pain, blurred vision.
- Aspirin: Monitor for hearing changes, ulcers, bleeding; side effects include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, tinnitus, hearing loss, GI distress, ulcer formation, Reye syndrome. Risk for hypoglycemia with oral antidiabetics.
- Ibuprofen: Monitor for LOC, vision and hearing changes; possible side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, headache, confusion, insomnia, dreams, blurred vision, tinnitus, and nausea
Additional Information
- Therapeutic and side effects of various medications, including patient education
- Study strategies to optimize exam preparation are suggested
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Description
Prepare for your Pharmacology final exam with this comprehensive quiz. Covering drug dosages, pharmacokinetics, and the functions of various organs in drug metabolism, this quiz will help reinforce your understanding of key concepts. Test your knowledge on specific drug classifications and calculations essential for your exam.
