Ethnopharmacology and Drug Response

A group of people believed to have common ancestry, often based on geographic origins, and sometimes associated with different distributions of gene frequencies.

Shared cultural bonds, or a common genetic heritage—or both—among a group of people.

A set of learned beliefs, values, and customs shared by a group of people.

The study of how culture and ethnicity affect drug response and impact medication efficiency for different populations.

Differences in how people from diverse ethnic groups respond to medications due to factors like metabolism or genetics.

The study of how a drug works on the body at the target site.

The study of how the body processes a drug, including absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination.

Historical tendency of clinical drug trials to primarily involve white men, leading to potential biases in interpreting results for other populations.

Genetic variations in vitamin K pathway affect how effectively warfarin works.

ACE inhibitors might be less effective in African Americans due to genetic variations in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Beta blockers might be less effective in individuals of African descent due to genetic differences impacting drug metabolism.

Enalapril's effectiveness in treating hypertension varies across different racial and ethnic groups due to gene variations.

Genetic variations influence how individuals respond to specific medications.

How easily a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body, influencing its overall effect.

Anticoagulant drug often needing adjusted doses due to genetic differences in metabolism between ethnic groups.

Differences in genes that can influence how the body processes drugs.

The process of breaking down drugs in the body, which is influenced by genetics, age and other factors.

The results of a drug's actions on the body, which can vary based on factors including genetics and ethnicity.

The process in which a drug enters the bloodstream.

The process of moving a drug throughout the body.

The process in which drugs leave the body.

A group of people sharing a common cultural heritage, often related to genetic variations in drug metabolism.

Biological factors influencing the body's ability to handle and process a drug.

The CYP2D6 gene can have extra copies, increasing drug metabolism speed

People with more than two functional copies of the CYP2D6 gene, leading to faster drug metabolism.

People with two non-functional copies of the CYP2D6 gene, metabolizing drugs more slowly.

Differences in how people process drugs due to genetic variations.

Codeine's effectiveness is dependent on the CYP2D6 gene, which affects metabolism, with rapid metabolizers possibly experiencing serious side effects from common doses.

The concentration of a drug in the blood.

Individuals of Asian descent might be more prone to liver damage from isoniazid due to genetic differences affecting drug metabolism.

Different responses to medications among various ethnic groups due to factors such as genetic variations in drug metabolism.

Group of enzymes responsible for phase 1 metabolism of many drugs, with subgroups like CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, etc.

A superfamily of enzymes catalyzing oxidation-reduction reactions, crucial for metabolizing many drugs, with important subgroups.

Common genetic variations in CYP enzymes significantly impact how effectively drugs are processed.

The process of breaking down drugs in the body, influenced by genetics, age, and other factors.

High blood pressure where only the top number (systolic) is elevated in elderly individuals.

A study group that researches and analyzes various factors related to hypertension within the Chinese population.

A class of medications that lower blood pressure by affecting a specific part of the body's blood pressure regulating system.

Individual responses to warfarin vary due to genetic differences in drug metabolism among various ethnic groups.

The effectiveness of propranolol can differ among ethnic groups due to genetic factors impacting drug metabolism.

An enzyme that metabolizes benzopyrine and phenacetin. Variations can influence cancer risk.

Metabolically processes several compounds, including acetaminophen and caffeine, significantly impacting the metabolism of theophylline.

Metabolizes estrogen metabolites, potentially influencing cancer risk.

Metabolizes nicotine and certain other compounds; its variations can impact nicotine metabolism and smoking addiction.

Processes cyclophosphamide and other compounds, but the clinical consequences are not fully understood.

Metabolizes compounds like retinoic acid, yet its clinical effects and significance are unknown.

Metabolizes warfarin, an anticoagulant, along with other drugs like tolbutamide. Genetic variations significantly impact warfarin dosing.

Processes numerous compounds, notably impacting the efficacy of omeprazole in treating ulcers.

Metabolizes several drugs, inducing notable effects on how antidepressants, antipsychotics, and pain relievers are processed, and influencing their efficacy and potential side effects.

Processes acetaminophen and ethanol, but its role in cancer risk remains an area of ongoing investigation.

A vital enzyme group involved in metabolizing an extensive array of drugs including macrolides, cyclosporine, and calcium channel blockers.