Pharmacology Experiment 3: Drug Actions and Effects

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Questions and Answers

What are the primary actions of drugs as stated in the content?

  • Absorption and Excretion
  • Activation and Deactivation
  • Stimulation and Suppression
  • Excitation and Inhibition (correct)

Which administration route is NOT associated with procaine?

  • Neuraxial
  • Topical administration
  • Peripheral nerve blocks
  • Intravenous (correct)

Which symptom is associated with CNS toxicity from procaine?

  • Respiratory distress
  • Cardiac arrest
  • Convulsions (correct)
  • Hypertension

What is one of the clinical uses of pentobarbital?

<p>Sedative and hypnotic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the preparation of the animal for procedures?

<p>Observe the rabbit's behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which landmark is used to locate the sciatic nerve?

<p>Ischial tuberosity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What angle should the needle be inserted to administer procaine?

<p>30 degrees (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a convulsion, which of these symptoms can occur?

<p>Dyspnea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Animal Preparation

A process of preparing an animal for an experiment, ensuring minimal stress and establishing a baseline for observation.

Limb Stiffness in Convulsions

A type of muscle contraction where the muscle remains contracted, leading to stiffness and rigidity.

Opisthotonus

A type of posturing where the head and neck are bent backward, arching the back. It's a sign of severe convulsions.

Excitation (in Pharmacology)

The ability of a drug or substance to excite or stimulate the body's nervous system.

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Inhibition (in Pharmacology)

The ability of a drug or substance to suppress or inhibit the activity of the body's nervous system.

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General Effects (of a drug)

A type of adverse reaction to a drug or substance that affects the entire body, rather than just a specific area.

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Therapeutic Effects

The desired effect or outcome of a drug or treatment, intended to improve health.

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Adverse Reactions

Unfavorable effects of a drug or substance that may occur in addition to the desired effects.

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Study Notes

Experiment 3: Basic Actions or Effects of Drugs

  • Drug actions can be categorized as excitation or inhibition.
  • Drugs can have local or general effects.
  • Drugs have therapeutic effects, or intended benefits.
  • Drugs also have adverse, or unwanted reactions.

Procaine (Local Anesthetic)

  • Action: Blocks nerve conduction of sensory impulses, inhibiting pain.
  • Administration Routes: Topical application, infiltration, peripheral nerve blocks, neuraxial (spinal, epidural, caudal).

Procaine Toxicity

  • CNS Symptoms: Excitation (convulsions) or depression.
  • Cardiovascular System Effects: Potentially affected.
  • Allergic Reactions: Possible.
  • Treatment: Airway management, support of breathing and circulation, and convulsion suppression (e.g., intravenous diazepam/pentobarbital).

Pentobarbital (Sedative-Hypnotic)

  • Action: Blocks nerve conduction of sensory impulses, inhibiting pain.
  • Clinical Uses: Sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, antiepileptic, anesthesia, pre-anesthesia medication.

Procedures: Animal Preparation

  • Gently handle the rabbit to minimize stress.
  • Place the rabbit in a prone position on a soft, non-slip mat.
  • Observe the rabbit's normal behavior and movement (baseline).

Procedures: Locating the Sciatic Nerve

  • Identify the ischial tuberosity (bony protrusion at the base of the tail).
  • Feel for the greater trochanter (bony landmark on the top of the thigh bone).
  • Locate the sciatic nerve in the depression ("notch") between these landmarks.

Procedures: Preparing for Injection

  • Clean the injection area with an alcohol wipe and allow it to dry.
  • Draw up the correct dose (1 ml/kg of 2% procaine) into a 5 mL syringe.

Procedures: Administering Local Anesthetic

  • Hold the rabbit's leg steady.
  • Insert the needle at a 30-degree angle into the sciatic nerve's notch, aiming toward the tail.
  • Slowly inject the procaine solution over 30 seconds, ensuring the needle does not move.

Procedures: Observing Local Effects

  • After injection, monitor the hind limb for muscle relaxation and loss of sensation.
  • Use a cotton swab to gently stroke the paw to test for withdrawal reflex.

Procedures: Administering Systemic Anesthetic

  • Draw up 4 ml/kg of 2% procaine into a 5 mL syringe.
  • Inject the procaine intramuscularly into the thigh muscle on the opposite side of the local injection site.
  • Monitor the rabbit for CNS depression or excitation.

Procedures: Managing Intoxication

  • In case of convulsions, draw up 0.5 ml/kg of sodium pentobarbital into a syringe.
  • Slowly inject the pentobarbital into the marginal ear vein, observing the rabbit's response.
  • Monitor drug antagonism, observing the effect during injection.

Procedures: Documentation and Analysis

  • Record the onset, duration, and intensity of any observed effects.
  • Document any adverse reactions and the rabbit's recovery time.

Convulsion (Signs/Symptoms)

  • Limb Stiffness: Muscle rigidity due to sustained muscle fiber contraction.
  • Opisthotonus: Specific posture in severe convulsions involving backward arching of the head and neck.
  • Dyspnea: Difficulty breathing due to chest restriction caused by muscle contractions.

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