Estrogens and Androgens

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Which hormone is the principal estrogen in premenopausal women?

Dehydroepiandrosterone

Estradiol (correct)

Progesterone

Estrone

What is the primary circulating estrogen after menopause?

Estrone (correct)

Estradiol

Progesterone

Testosterone

What is the last step in estrogen synthesis?

Shortening of the hydrocarbon side chain

Aromatization (correct)

Hydroxylation of the steroid nucleus

Cholesterol synthesis

Which hormone has approximately one-third the estrogenic potency of estradiol?

Estrone Signup and view all the answers

What are sex hormones used therapeutically for?

Contraception and hormone deficiency replacement therapy Signup and view all the answers

From what precursor are sex hormones synthesized?

Cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What route of administration is recommended to minimize risks for women with urogenital symptoms like vaginal atrophy?

Vaginal Signup and view all the answers

Which type of therapy is used for young women with primary hypogonadism to stimulate the development of secondary sex characteristics?

Estrogen therapy Signup and view all the answers

Why is micronized estradiol preferred over standard estradiol for oral administration?

It has better bioavailability Signup and view all the answers

Which synthetic estrogen is a prodrug cleaved into estradiol and valeric acid?

Estradiol valerate Signup and view all the answers

What is the main site where naturally occurring estrogens like estradiol are metabolized and partially inactivated?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

In which situation is replacement therapy used for women due to hormonal deficiencies?

Surgical menopause Signup and view all the answers

Which medication can be used for both reducing the risk of breast cancer and treating osteoporosis?

Bazedoxifene Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of excretion for selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)?

Feces Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of tamoxifen into active metabolites?

CYP2D6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common adverse effect of tamoxifen therapy?

Hot flashes Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is specifically indicated for treating dyspareunia related to menopause?

Ospemifene Signup and view all the answers

In patients with a genetic polymorphism in which enzyme, there may be decreased activity of tamoxifen due to production of less active metabolite?

CYP2D6 Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is commonly associated with the use of progestins?

Weight gain Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of oral medroxyprogesterone acetate?

60 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of excretion for the metabolites of micronized progesterone?

Renal excretion Signup and view all the answers

Which synthetic progestin has the longest half-life when injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously for contraception?

Levonorgestrel Signup and view all the answers

For what purpose are progestogens NOT commonly used?

Management of polycystic ovary syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary synthetic progestin component in postmenopausal hormone therapy in its oral form?

Norethindrone acetate Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is metabolized by various CYP450 isoenzymes and is subject to many drug interactions?

Tamoxifen Signup and view all the answers

What common adverse effect is associated with raloxifene use?

Hot flashes Signup and view all the answers

Which drug poses an increased risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism?

Tamoxifen Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered in women with an intact uterus when using ospemifene?

Adding a progestogen Signup and view all the answers

Which drug increases the risk of multiple gestation, usually twins?

Clomiphene Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the production of progesterone in males?

Secreted by the testes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of metabolism for a micronized preparation of progesterone?

Metabolism by the liver to pregnanediol and glucuronide and sulfate conjugates Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of contraception provided by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection of oral medroxyprogesterone acetate?

3 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major adverse effect associated with the use of progestins?

Nausea Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary excretory route for the metabolites of synthetic progestins?