Estrogens and Androgens

Which hormone is the principal estrogen in premenopausal women?

What is the primary circulating estrogen after menopause?

What is the last step in estrogen synthesis?

Which hormone has approximately one-third the estrogenic potency of estradiol?

What are sex hormones used therapeutically for?

From what precursor are sex hormones synthesized?

What route of administration is recommended to minimize risks for women with urogenital symptoms like vaginal atrophy?

Which type of therapy is used for young women with primary hypogonadism to stimulate the development of secondary sex characteristics?

Why is micronized estradiol preferred over standard estradiol for oral administration?

Which synthetic estrogen is a prodrug cleaved into estradiol and valeric acid?

What is the main site where naturally occurring estrogens like estradiol are metabolized and partially inactivated?

In which situation is replacement therapy used for women due to hormonal deficiencies?

Which medication can be used for both reducing the risk of breast cancer and treating osteoporosis?

What is the primary route of excretion for selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)?

Which enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of tamoxifen into active metabolites?

What is the most common adverse effect of tamoxifen therapy?

Which medication is specifically indicated for treating dyspareunia related to menopause?

In patients with a genetic polymorphism in which enzyme, there may be decreased activity of tamoxifen due to production of less active metabolite?

Which adverse effect is commonly associated with the use of progestins?

What is the half-life of oral medroxyprogesterone acetate?

What is the primary route of excretion for the metabolites of micronized progesterone?

Which synthetic progestin has the longest half-life when injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously for contraception?

For what purpose are progestogens NOT commonly used?

What is the primary synthetic progestin component in postmenopausal hormone therapy in its oral form?

Which drug is metabolized by various CYP450 isoenzymes and is subject to many drug interactions?

What common adverse effect is associated with raloxifene use?

Which drug poses an increased risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism?

What should be considered in women with an intact uterus when using ospemifene?

Which drug increases the risk of multiple gestation, usually twins?

What is the role of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the production of progesterone in males?

What is the primary route of metabolism for a micronized preparation of progesterone?

What is the typical duration of contraception provided by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection of oral medroxyprogesterone acetate?

Which of the following is NOT a major adverse effect associated with the use of progestins?

What is the primary excretory route for the metabolites of synthetic progestins?

How long is the half-life of other progestins that allow for once-daily dosing?

Which synthetic progestin has the shortest half-life among the ones mentioned?

For how long does oral medroxyprogesterone acetate provide contraception when injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously?

Which side effect is commonly associated with the use of progestogens that was not listed among the major adverse effects?

Which synthetic progestin has a longer half-life when injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously for contraception than medroxyprogesterone acetate?