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Pharmacology: Drug Permeability and Binding
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Pharmacology: Drug Permeability and Binding

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for altered or modified action or effect of a drug due to interaction with one or more drugs?

  • Adverse drug reaction
  • Drug interaction (correct)
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Drug incompatibility

    • Which type of drug effect occurs when two similar drugs are combined to achieve a therapeutic effect while minimizing specific adverse effects?

  • Antagonistic effect
  • Synergistic effect
  • Cumulative effect
  • Additive effect (correct)

    • How can food affect drug absorption?

  • It only delays drug absorption
  • It has no significant effect on drug absorption
  • It can increase, decrease, or delay drug absorption (correct)
  • It always enhances drug absorption

    • What should be considered when planning nursing interventions for a patient?

    <p>Incorporating nonharmful traditional practices with biomedical prescriptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an adverse drug reaction?

    <p>An undesirable effect that ranges from mild to severe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug effect occurs when the combined effect of two or more drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects?

    <p>Synergistic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of biotransformation in drug metabolism?

    <p>To convert drugs into inactive forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to involve family in patient teaching about prescriptive therapies?

    <p>Family provides support and understanding of the therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a short half-life of a drug?

    <p>The drug is eliminated quickly from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does drug incompatibility refer to?

    <p>Chemical or physical reaction that occurs among multiple drugs outside the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ primarily facilitates the excretion of drugs from the body?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the blood-brain barrier play regarding drug administration?

    <p>It affects a drug's ability to reach the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does kidney dysfunction have on drug response?

    <p>It can lead to increased duration and intensity of drug response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many half-lives are generally required to achieve a steady blood concentration of a drug?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the primary effect of a drug refer to in pharmacodynamics?

    <p>The intended and desirable effect of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following parameters does the time-response curve evaluate in drug action?

    <p>Onset, peak, and duration of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which herbal preparation is primarily used as an antidepressant?

    <p>St. John's Wort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of Licorice root when taken in high doses?

    <p>Salt and water retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which herbal preparation is known to stimulate the immune system for colds and flu?

    <p>Echinacea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which herbal preparation is noted for its sedative effects and is sometimes referred to as 'Herbal valium'?

    <p>Valerian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential adverse effect is associated with consuming Aloe Vera internally?

    <p>Arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which herb is used to alleviate digestive complaints and may also have sedative effects?

    <p>Chamomile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary benefits of Green tea?

    <p>Improves mental alertness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which herbal preparation has the potential to decrease INR when taken with other antidepressants?

    <p>St. John's Wort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is Ginger primarily used to address?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key use of Ginseng in herbal medicine?

    <p>Improves stamina and well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is classified as a bicyclic antidepressant?

    <p>Prozac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following benzodiazepines is considered a low dose hypnotic medication suitable for older adults?

    <p>Oxazepam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which schedule classification indicates a drug has a high potential for abuse and severe dependence risk?

    <p>Schedule II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common nursing diagnosis related to transportation issues for older adults?

    <p>Ineffective health maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major reason why alpha1 blockers are infrequently prescribed for older adults?

    <p>They can lead to orthostatic hypotension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a nursing intervention in the management of drug therapy for older adults?

    <p>Regularly adjusting medication dosages without consultation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic range for Digoxin in older adults?

    <p>0.5 to 2 ng/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anticoagulation monitoring parameters should be maintained at a PT and INR level of 2.0 – 3.0 for Warfarin?

    <p>INR level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a feature of controlled substances identified by their labeling?

    <p>Letter 'C' and Roman numeral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a nonpharmacologic method to reduce blood pressure?

    <p>Low dose diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential aspect of nursing evaluation after administering drug therapy to an older adult?

    <p>Monitoring for increased drug effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs are less frequently prescribed for older adults because of their potential side effects?

    <p>Monoamine oxidase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications carries a risk of digitalis toxicity in older adults?

    <p>Digoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common strategy for managing nonadherence in older adults?

    <p>Providing transportation services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk associated with the use of anticoagulants like Warfarin in elderly patients?

    <p>Decreased serum albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an antihypertensive medication commonly used in older adults?

    <p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Membrane Permeability

    • Medication must cross tissues and membranes to reach target areas.
    • Lipid-soluble drugs can pass through barriers, including the blood-brain barrier and placenta.
    • Drug binding to proteins influences the effective concentration and toxicity levels.

    Drug Metabolism (Biotransformation)

    • Biotransformation converts medications to less active or inactive forms via enzymes, primarily in the liver.
    • Occurs in kidneys, lungs, intestines, and blood.
    • Half-life (t½) indicates the time for the drug concentration in the body to decrease by 50%, impacted by liver and kidney function.
    • Steady blood concentration is achieved after four half-lives; short half-life drugs exit the body quickly (4-8 hours), while long half-life drugs take over 24 hours, increasing toxicity risk.

    Drug Excretion

    • Elimination primarily through kidneys; can also occur via liver, lungs, intestines, and exocrine glands (e.g., breast milk).
    • Kidney dysfunction can prolong drug effects; monitor serum BUN and creatinine levels.

    Pharmacodynamics

    • Studies how drugs interact with the body, target cells, systems, and organs, producing effects.
    • Primary effects are desirable; secondary effects may vary in desirability.

    Drug Interactions

    • Altered drug action can occur with multiple drug interactions.
    • Adverse drug reactions range from mild to severe, including hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis.
    • Drug incompatibility refers to chemical or physical reactions occurring outside the body.

    Types of Drug Effects

    • Additive drug effect: combined effects of similar drugs achieving desired outcomes.
    • Synergistic effect: combined drug effects exceed individual effects.
    • Antagonistic effect: one drug inhibits the action of another.

    Drug-Food Interactions

    • Food can modify drug absorption; for example, grapefruit juice can increase statin side effects.
    • Package labels should declare quality information and compliance with safety standards.

    Herbal Preparations

    • Astragalus boosts the immune system; St. John's Wort serves as an antidepressant.
    • Licorice root is used for various ailments but may cause hypertension in high doses.
    • Valerian acts as a mild sedative known as "herbal valium."
    • Chamomile relieves digestive and anxiety symptoms; may cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.
    • Garlic lowers cholesterol and blood pressure.

    Geriatric Pharmacology

    • Consider low doses of hypnotics and pharmacological interventions for elderly patients.
    • Drug therapy monitoring includes renal function tests and the impact of various medications on overall health.
    • Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) include benzodiazepines and certain antidepressants.

    Controlled Substances

    • Classified based on potential for abuse:
      • Schedule I (illegal, highest potential),
      • Schedule II (high abuse potential),
      • Schedule III (moderate dependence),
      • Schedule IV (low abuse potential),
      • Schedule V (limited dependence).
    • Registered nurses administer controlled substances, identifiable by a "C" and Roman numeral on labels.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the concepts of cell membrane permeability and the implications of drug binding to proteins. It explores how drugs can cross tissues and membranes, as well as the effects of drug competition for binding sites. Test your understanding of how these factors influence drug delivery and target effectiveness.

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