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Questions and Answers
What is the term for altered or modified action or effect of a drug due to interaction with one or more drugs?
What is the term for altered or modified action or effect of a drug due to interaction with one or more drugs?
Which type of drug effect occurs when two similar drugs are combined to achieve a therapeutic effect while minimizing specific adverse effects?
Which type of drug effect occurs when two similar drugs are combined to achieve a therapeutic effect while minimizing specific adverse effects?
How can food affect drug absorption?
How can food affect drug absorption?
What should be considered when planning nursing interventions for a patient?
What should be considered when planning nursing interventions for a patient?
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What is an adverse drug reaction?
What is an adverse drug reaction?
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What type of drug effect occurs when the combined effect of two or more drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects?
What type of drug effect occurs when the combined effect of two or more drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects?
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What is the primary function of biotransformation in drug metabolism?
What is the primary function of biotransformation in drug metabolism?
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Why is it important to involve family in patient teaching about prescriptive therapies?
Why is it important to involve family in patient teaching about prescriptive therapies?
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What is indicated by a short half-life of a drug?
What is indicated by a short half-life of a drug?
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What does drug incompatibility refer to?
What does drug incompatibility refer to?
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Which organ primarily facilitates the excretion of drugs from the body?
Which organ primarily facilitates the excretion of drugs from the body?
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What role does the blood-brain barrier play regarding drug administration?
What role does the blood-brain barrier play regarding drug administration?
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What effect does kidney dysfunction have on drug response?
What effect does kidney dysfunction have on drug response?
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How many half-lives are generally required to achieve a steady blood concentration of a drug?
How many half-lives are generally required to achieve a steady blood concentration of a drug?
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What does the primary effect of a drug refer to in pharmacodynamics?
What does the primary effect of a drug refer to in pharmacodynamics?
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Which of the following parameters does the time-response curve evaluate in drug action?
Which of the following parameters does the time-response curve evaluate in drug action?
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Which herbal preparation is primarily used as an antidepressant?
Which herbal preparation is primarily used as an antidepressant?
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What is a common side effect of Licorice root when taken in high doses?
What is a common side effect of Licorice root when taken in high doses?
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Which herbal preparation is known to stimulate the immune system for colds and flu?
Which herbal preparation is known to stimulate the immune system for colds and flu?
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Which herbal preparation is noted for its sedative effects and is sometimes referred to as 'Herbal valium'?
Which herbal preparation is noted for its sedative effects and is sometimes referred to as 'Herbal valium'?
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What potential adverse effect is associated with consuming Aloe Vera internally?
What potential adverse effect is associated with consuming Aloe Vera internally?
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Which herb is used to alleviate digestive complaints and may also have sedative effects?
Which herb is used to alleviate digestive complaints and may also have sedative effects?
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What is one of the primary benefits of Green tea?
What is one of the primary benefits of Green tea?
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Which herbal preparation has the potential to decrease INR when taken with other antidepressants?
Which herbal preparation has the potential to decrease INR when taken with other antidepressants?
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What condition is Ginger primarily used to address?
What condition is Ginger primarily used to address?
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What is a key use of Ginseng in herbal medicine?
What is a key use of Ginseng in herbal medicine?
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Which medication is classified as a bicyclic antidepressant?
Which medication is classified as a bicyclic antidepressant?
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Which of the following benzodiazepines is considered a low dose hypnotic medication suitable for older adults?
Which of the following benzodiazepines is considered a low dose hypnotic medication suitable for older adults?
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Which schedule classification indicates a drug has a high potential for abuse and severe dependence risk?
Which schedule classification indicates a drug has a high potential for abuse and severe dependence risk?
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What is a common nursing diagnosis related to transportation issues for older adults?
What is a common nursing diagnosis related to transportation issues for older adults?
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What is a major reason why alpha1 blockers are infrequently prescribed for older adults?
What is a major reason why alpha1 blockers are infrequently prescribed for older adults?
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Which of the following is NOT a nursing intervention in the management of drug therapy for older adults?
Which of the following is NOT a nursing intervention in the management of drug therapy for older adults?
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What is the therapeutic range for Digoxin in older adults?
What is the therapeutic range for Digoxin in older adults?
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Which of the following anticoagulation monitoring parameters should be maintained at a PT and INR level of 2.0 – 3.0 for Warfarin?
Which of the following anticoagulation monitoring parameters should be maintained at a PT and INR level of 2.0 – 3.0 for Warfarin?
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Which is a feature of controlled substances identified by their labeling?
Which is a feature of controlled substances identified by their labeling?
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Which of the following is NOT a nonpharmacologic method to reduce blood pressure?
Which of the following is NOT a nonpharmacologic method to reduce blood pressure?
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What is an essential aspect of nursing evaluation after administering drug therapy to an older adult?
What is an essential aspect of nursing evaluation after administering drug therapy to an older adult?
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Which of the following drugs are less frequently prescribed for older adults because of their potential side effects?
Which of the following drugs are less frequently prescribed for older adults because of their potential side effects?
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Which of the following medications carries a risk of digitalis toxicity in older adults?
Which of the following medications carries a risk of digitalis toxicity in older adults?
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What is a common strategy for managing nonadherence in older adults?
What is a common strategy for managing nonadherence in older adults?
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What is a common risk associated with the use of anticoagulants like Warfarin in elderly patients?
What is a common risk associated with the use of anticoagulants like Warfarin in elderly patients?
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Which of the following is NOT considered an antihypertensive medication commonly used in older adults?
Which of the following is NOT considered an antihypertensive medication commonly used in older adults?
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Study Notes
Cell Membrane Permeability
- Medication must cross tissues and membranes to reach target areas.
- Lipid-soluble drugs can pass through barriers, including the blood-brain barrier and placenta.
- Drug binding to proteins influences the effective concentration and toxicity levels.
Drug Metabolism (Biotransformation)
- Biotransformation converts medications to less active or inactive forms via enzymes, primarily in the liver.
- Occurs in kidneys, lungs, intestines, and blood.
- Half-life (t½) indicates the time for the drug concentration in the body to decrease by 50%, impacted by liver and kidney function.
- Steady blood concentration is achieved after four half-lives; short half-life drugs exit the body quickly (4-8 hours), while long half-life drugs take over 24 hours, increasing toxicity risk.
Drug Excretion
- Elimination primarily through kidneys; can also occur via liver, lungs, intestines, and exocrine glands (e.g., breast milk).
- Kidney dysfunction can prolong drug effects; monitor serum BUN and creatinine levels.
Pharmacodynamics
- Studies how drugs interact with the body, target cells, systems, and organs, producing effects.
- Primary effects are desirable; secondary effects may vary in desirability.
Drug Interactions
- Altered drug action can occur with multiple drug interactions.
- Adverse drug reactions range from mild to severe, including hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis.
- Drug incompatibility refers to chemical or physical reactions occurring outside the body.
Types of Drug Effects
- Additive drug effect: combined effects of similar drugs achieving desired outcomes.
- Synergistic effect: combined drug effects exceed individual effects.
- Antagonistic effect: one drug inhibits the action of another.
Drug-Food Interactions
- Food can modify drug absorption; for example, grapefruit juice can increase statin side effects.
- Package labels should declare quality information and compliance with safety standards.
Herbal Preparations
- Astragalus boosts the immune system; St. John's Wort serves as an antidepressant.
- Licorice root is used for various ailments but may cause hypertension in high doses.
- Valerian acts as a mild sedative known as "herbal valium."
- Chamomile relieves digestive and anxiety symptoms; may cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.
- Garlic lowers cholesterol and blood pressure.
Geriatric Pharmacology
- Consider low doses of hypnotics and pharmacological interventions for elderly patients.
- Drug therapy monitoring includes renal function tests and the impact of various medications on overall health.
- Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) include benzodiazepines and certain antidepressants.
Controlled Substances
- Classified based on potential for abuse:
- Schedule I (illegal, highest potential),
- Schedule II (high abuse potential),
- Schedule III (moderate dependence),
- Schedule IV (low abuse potential),
- Schedule V (limited dependence).
- Registered nurses administer controlled substances, identifiable by a "C" and Roman numeral on labels.
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Description
This quiz covers the concepts of cell membrane permeability and the implications of drug binding to proteins. It explores how drugs can cross tissues and membranes, as well as the effects of drug competition for binding sites. Test your understanding of how these factors influence drug delivery and target effectiveness.
