Pharmacology: Drug Nomenclature and Administration

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Questions and Answers

What is a potential consequence of extravasation of certain drugs like noradrenaline?

Increased duration of drug efficacy

Injury and necrosis of tissues (correct)

Decreased risk of drug interactions

Improved drug absorption

Which of the following routes involves injecting a drug into the subarachnoid space?

Intravenous route

Transdermal route

Intrathecal route (correct)

Oral route

What is a characteristic feature of transdermal drug delivery systems?

Requires frequent administration

Has a high risk of systemic side effects

Bypasses first-pass metabolism (correct)

Only suitable for local effects

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using transdermal patches?

Local irritation may occur Signup and view all the answers

What statement best describes the advantage of transdermal delivery systems?

Provides a constant plasma concentration of the drug Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug should NOT be administered via intravenous route?

Depot preparations Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is commonly delivered through a transdermal patch for motion sickness?

Scopolamine Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of transdermal systems regarding patient compliance?

Improved patient adherence to therapy Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary mechanisms of action for antitussives?

Suppress the cough reflex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of expectorant?

Dextromethorphan Signup and view all the answers

What is an indication for the use of mucolytics?

Bronchitis Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is commonly associated with the use of corticosteroids?

Hyperglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for the use of antidiarrhoeals?

Severe infection Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is commonly used in the treatment of anemia?

Folic acid Signup and view all the answers

Identify a primary mechanism of action for drugs treating endocrine disorders.

Replacing deficient hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily administered in sex hormone therapy?

Testosterone Signup and view all the answers

What process decreases drug excretion in the kidneys?

Passive tubular reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily affects passive tubular reabsorption of drugs?

pH of renal tubular fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding weakly acidic drugs in acidic urine?

They remain in an un-ionized form and are reabsorbed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of active tubular secretion?

Carrier-mediated active transport Signup and view all the answers

How does the pH of urine affect weakly basic drugs?

They are more ionized in alkaline urine and readily excreted. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the excretion of penicillins when probenecid is administered?

Excretion decreases due to competitive inhibition. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true about glomerular filtration?

It requires energy to facilitate the process. Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs are primarily affected by competition for the carrier system during active tubular secretion?

Both acidic and basic drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the main pharmacological role of the free form of a drug?

It is pharmacologically active. Signup and view all the answers

How does plasma protein binding affect drug metabolism?

It delays the metabolism of drugs. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition would lead to an increased free form of a drug in circulation?

Chronic liver disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of displacing a drug bound to plasma proteins?

Increased free concentration of the displaced drug. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main site of drug metabolism in the human body?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding highly protein-bound drugs?

They have a longer duration of action. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does biotransformation have on lipid-soluble drugs?

It converts them to water-soluble for excretion. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of drugs that are highly bound to plasma proteins?

They have a low volume of distribution. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug can be purchased without a prescription?

Paracetamol Signup and view all the answers

What does the pharmacopoeia primarily provide information about?

Approved drugs and their characteristics Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is provided as a specific example of a prescription drug?

Antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a formulary in drug information?

To provide information about available drugs in a country Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical name for the commonly used drug known as aspirin?

Acetylsalicylic acid Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is responsible for assigning the International Nonproprietary Name (INN) for drugs?

World Health Organization (WHO) Signup and view all the answers

Which source of drug information is specifically maintained to support medical professionals?

Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes over-the-counter drugs?

They can be sold to patients without a doctor’s prescription. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Drug Nomenclature

Drugs have three types of names: chemical, nonproprietary, and proprietary
Chemical names denote the chemical structure of a drug
Nonproprietary names are assigned by a scientific body or authority
Proprietary names are given by the manufacturer and are often used for marketing purposes

Routes of Drug Administration

The route of administration affects the onset, duration, and intensity of drug action
Oral route is the most common and convenient
Intravenous (IV) route is the fastest and most commonly used for emergency situations
Subcutaneous (SC) route is used for slow and sustained absorption
Intramuscular (IM) route is used for larger volumes of drugs and for sustained action
Intrathecal route is used for direct delivery of drugs to the cerebrospinal fluid
Transdermal route is used for systemic delivery of drugs through the skin

Clinical Importance of Plasma Protein Binding

Drugs bind to plasma proteins, primarily albumin and α1 acid glycoprotein
Bound form is pharmacologically inactive and acts as a temporary store
Plasma protein binding can delay drug metabolism and excretion
Drugs that are highly bound to plasma proteins have a low volume of distribution and a longer duration of action
In disease states like hypoalbuminaemia, there is an increase in the free form of the drug, which can lead to toxicity
Plasma protein binding can cause drug displacement interactions, where drugs with higher affinity displace drugs with lower affinity

Biotransformation (Drug Metabolism)

Biotransformation is the chemical alteration of a drug in a living organism
Metabolism converts lipid-soluble compounds to water-soluble compounds for excretion
The liver is the main site for drug metabolism, but other sites include the GI tract, kidney, lungs, blood, skin, and placenta
The kidney is involved in the excretion of drugs via glomerular filtration, passive tubular reabsorption, and active tubular secretion.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts in pharmacology related to drug nomenclature, routes of administration, and the clinical importance of plasma protein binding. Test your knowledge on chemical, nonproprietary, and proprietary drug names, as well as different methods of drug delivery and their implications on drug action.