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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of generic drug names?
What is the main purpose of generic drug names?
Which of the following suffixes typically indicates an antiviral drug in its generic name?
Which of the following suffixes typically indicates an antiviral drug in its generic name?
Which name is primarily used for regulatory purposes and is often lengthy?
Which name is primarily used for regulatory purposes and is often lengthy?
What distinguishes biopharmaceuticals from biologics?
What distinguishes biopharmaceuticals from biologics?
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Which process is key in discovering suitable chemical candidates for drugs?
Which process is key in discovering suitable chemical candidates for drugs?
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What aspect is primarily involved in medicinal chemistry?
What aspect is primarily involved in medicinal chemistry?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding brand names of drugs?
Which of the following statements is true regarding brand names of drugs?
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What is one method to optimize a chemical product in medicinal chemistry?
What is one method to optimize a chemical product in medicinal chemistry?
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What is the role of carbidopa in relation to levodopa?
What is the role of carbidopa in relation to levodopa?
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How does aspirin reduce the toxicity of salicylic acid?
How does aspirin reduce the toxicity of salicylic acid?
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What is one reason dopamine cannot be administered directly into the body?
What is one reason dopamine cannot be administered directly into the body?
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What structural feature of azathioprine aids in its effectiveness?
What structural feature of azathioprine aids in its effectiveness?
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What is the purpose of high-throughput screening in medicinal chemistry?
What is the purpose of high-throughput screening in medicinal chemistry?
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In molecular mechanics, which two aspects do computers model during virtual screening?
In molecular mechanics, which two aspects do computers model during virtual screening?
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What characterizes a 'native conformation' of a molecule?
What characterizes a 'native conformation' of a molecule?
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What does CADD stand for in the context of medicinal chemistry?
What does CADD stand for in the context of medicinal chemistry?
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What is the primary focus of drug discovery?
What is the primary focus of drug discovery?
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Which technique measures binding interactions by detecting changes in heat generation?
Which technique measures binding interactions by detecting changes in heat generation?
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Why does the binding of two molecules in ITC generate less heat?
Why does the binding of two molecules in ITC generate less heat?
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What does stereospecific reaction depend on?
What does stereospecific reaction depend on?
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How is target specificity and selectivity important in drug development?
How is target specificity and selectivity important in drug development?
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What is a characteristic of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in drug testing?
What is a characteristic of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in drug testing?
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What can be inferred about stereoselectivity?
What can be inferred about stereoselectivity?
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What is one drawback of using agonists in drug therapy?
What is one drawback of using agonists in drug therapy?
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What is the primary focus of molecular docking in drug design?
What is the primary focus of molecular docking in drug design?
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Which approach aims to improve the drug-receptor interaction by analyzing functional groups?
Which approach aims to improve the drug-receptor interaction by analyzing functional groups?
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What does QSAR aim to quantify regarding a drug?
What does QSAR aim to quantify regarding a drug?
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What is one common side effect of drugs that lack selectivity?
What is one common side effect of drugs that lack selectivity?
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What is the estimated success rate of drug discovery in pharmaceutical research?
What is the estimated success rate of drug discovery in pharmaceutical research?
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How has penicillin production improved over the years?
How has penicillin production improved over the years?
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Which condition is mentioned as an example of drug discovery efforts?
Which condition is mentioned as an example of drug discovery efforts?
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What challenge is associated with creating a drug for Parkinson's disease?
What challenge is associated with creating a drug for Parkinson's disease?
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Why do amides still participate in hydrogen bonding despite being able to prevent amines' nitrogen from forming hydrogen bonds?
Why do amides still participate in hydrogen bonding despite being able to prevent amines' nitrogen from forming hydrogen bonds?
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What impact does the deprotonation of carboxylic acid have on its ability to form hydrogen bonds?
What impact does the deprotonation of carboxylic acid have on its ability to form hydrogen bonds?
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What is the primary reason aryl halides do not react directly with alkyl amines under standard conditions?
What is the primary reason aryl halides do not react directly with alkyl amines under standard conditions?
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Which feature of aryl halides contributes to their lower reactivity compared to alkyl halides?
Which feature of aryl halides contributes to their lower reactivity compared to alkyl halides?
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What type of conformational aspect does an alkene exhibit, and how does this affect its rigidity?
What type of conformational aspect does an alkene exhibit, and how does this affect its rigidity?
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Why are alkyl halides known to have a strong affinity with nucleophilic groups?
Why are alkyl halides known to have a strong affinity with nucleophilic groups?
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In terms of SN2 reactions, what aspect of the planar aromatic ring affects the reactivity of aryl halides?
In terms of SN2 reactions, what aspect of the planar aromatic ring affects the reactivity of aryl halides?
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How does rigidity play a role in the binding of a molecule to receptors?
How does rigidity play a role in the binding of a molecule to receptors?
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Study Notes
Drug Nomenclature
- Generic names don't have capitalized letters and are used to discuss the functionality of a drug.
- Brand names have their first letters capitalized and don't reveal much about the drug.
- Three main names for drugs: Chemical name (IUPAC), generic name, and trade name.
- Chemical names are complex and mainly used for regulations.
Drug Discovery
- Generic names are used for advertising drugs.
- Brand names depend on the company selling the drugs.
- Biologics involve extracting natural biological sources for drug repurposing.
- Biopharmaceuticals use modern biotechnological and computational techniques for modifying existing pharmaceuticals.
- Early drug development is based on the observation of natural products.
- Medicinal chemistry focuses on optimizing existing chemical products, such as enhancing a molecule's affinity to its target.
Drug Design and Optimization
- Bioassays are used to screen the activity of various chemicals against a predetermined target.
- Drug design can be done on targets obtained from tissues or genes extracted from patients.
- Molecular docking is a computational technique that predicts how drugs bind to specific sites on target proteins.
- Optimization of drugs aims to increase selectivity and effectiveness.
- Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) studies how a drug's functional groups interact with target receptors.
- Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) quantifies the physical properties of a drug and their impact on its biological activity.
Drug Discovery Techniques
- Drug discovery is a challenging process, with a success rate estimated at 50%.
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) bioassays compare regular protein signals with signals after the addition of a potential drug candidate.
- Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) measures binding events by detecting changes in light reflection at a metal surface.
- Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) measures the heat changes that occur when molecules bind, providing information about binding affinity.
- Stereospecific reactions occur when the product of a chemical reaction depends on the specific conformation of the reactant.
- Stereoselectivity describes a compound's preference for reacting with certain candidates.
- Target specificity and selectivity ensure a drug only targets a specific receptor or enzyme in a specific area of the body.
Agonists and Antagonists
- Agonists are drugs that mimic the action of natural compounds.
- Antagonists block the action of natural compounds.
- A pitfall of agonists is that changing the molecule's conformation can change its binding outcome.
- Amide-analogue alkenes are similar to regular alkenes and cannot be rotated.
Drug Metabolism and Modifications
- Deprotonation of carboxylic acid prevents it from being a hydrogen bond donor.
- Ester hydrolysis in vivo can be different from in vitro.
- Alkyl halides have a strong affinity for nucleophilic groups.
- Aryl halides typically don't react directly with alkyl amines under standard conditions.
- Azathioprine prolongs its interaction with glutathione by creating an electron-deficit area.
- Valium prolongs its activity by having a hydrophobic methyl group instead of a hydrogen atom.
- Aspirin masks salicylic acid's toxic phenolic group by turning it into an ester.
- Carbidopa acts as a sentry drug, inhibiting the conversion of levodopa to dopamine outside the brain, but not in the brain.
- Dopamine cannot be administered directly because it is quickly deactivated and metabolized in the body.
Computational Medicinal Chemistry
- Molecular mechanics uses computational analysis to study drugs.
- High-throughput screening has favoured computational analysis over bioassays.
- Computational Drug Design (CADD) models the structure, energy, and binding of ligands and receptors.
- Native conformation refers to the conformation of a molecule in its natural environment, typically aqueous.
- Native conformations are considered stable.
Studying Drug Molecules
- Space-filling representation model shows the space occupied by each atom in a molecule.
- The computer models two key aspects: ligand and receptors.
- Energy calculation is done through modelling.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of drug nomenclature, including the differences between generic names, brand names, and chemical names. This quiz covers foundational concepts in drug discovery and design, focusing on biologics, biopharmaceuticals, and medicinal chemistry. Test your knowledge of how these elements influence the pharmaceutical landscape.
