PCOL

Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

• Pharmaceutical dosage forms are concerned with the formulation, manufacture, stability, and effectiveness of pharmaceutical products.

Pharmaceuticals

• Pharmaceuticals are substances intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease.

Biopharmaceutics

• Biopharmaceutics does not involve the psychological or social effects of drugs.

Drug Delivery Systems

• Drug products are considered to be in relation to drug delivery systems.

Site of Action

• The delivery of drugs to the site of action may involve enzymatic activity.

Drug Product Design

• The consideration of gender is not part of drug product design.

Enzymes

• Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) is responsible for converting Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II.
• ACE inhibitors are a class of drugs that can inhibit the activity of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE).
• NSAIDs inhibit the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase.

Receptors

• The primary binding site of allosteric modulators on a receptor is the allosteric site.
• Digitalis (Digoxin) inhibits the transporter Na+/K+-ATPase.
• Agonists can stabilize the active receptor site, while inverse agonists can stabilize the inactive receptor site.

Pharmacodynamics

• Pharmacodynamics refers to the study of the effects of drugs on the body.

Clinical Toxicology

• Clinical toxicology studies the adverse effects of drugs on the body.

Toxicokinetics

• Toxicokinetics is concerned with the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of toxins.

Pharmacokinetics

• Pharmacokinetics is concerned with the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs.

G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)

• G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in signal transduction.

Bioavailability

• Bioavailability refers to the proportion of the administered dose of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation.

Dose-Response

• The smallest dose that produces the maximum response is known as the maximum effect dose.

Drug-Receptor Interaction

• Irreversible antagonism involves a permanent bond between the drug and receptor.

Safety

• The therapeutic index is the measure of the relative safety of a drug, calculated as TD50/ED50.

Transport Processes

• Active transport involves movement along an electrochemical gradient.

Enzyme Polymorphism

• The enzyme system CYP2D6 is subject to polymorphism and can affect the metabolism of drugs like thioridazine and antidepressants.

Absorption

• The rate and extent of a drug's entry into the systemic circulation are affected by factors like blood flow, pH, and surface area.

Carriers

• The property of carriers that involves their recognition of only certain molecular configurations is stereospecificity.

Metabolism

• The phase of drug metabolism involving oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis is phase I metabolism.
• The enzyme CYP1A2 is responsible for the metabolism of substrates like theophylline, caffeine, and clozapine.

Excretion

• The primary site of excretion for drugs in the body is the kidneys.

Genetic Polymorphism

• The category of drugs commonly associated with genetic polymorphism affecting the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes is antidepressants.

Bioavailability

• Bioequivalence is the measure of similarity in bioavailability of a generic drug product to that of the innovator or reference drug product.

Enzyme Inhibitors

• The enzyme NAT2 is responsible for the acetylation of Isoniazid, Hydralazine, and Procainamide.
• Omeprazole is an inhibitor of CYP2C19 activity.

Steady State

• The time required to achieve steady-state levels is predicted by the half-life of the drug.

Clearance

• The volume of blood that is cleared of the drug per given time is known as clearance.

Immunopharmacology

• Immunopharmacology involves the use of drugs to treat or inhibit the growth of cells considered foreign to the body.

Nervous System

• The somatic nervous system is responsible for carrying impulses to the organs that are voluntarily moving, such as skeletal muscles.

Pharmacology

• Pharmacodynamics (PD) studies the effects of drugs on the body.
• Anatomic Divisions of the Nervous System falls under the category of pharmacology.
• The functional difference between pre-synapse and post-synapse in synaptic neurotransmission is that pre-synapse is the release of neurotransmitters, while post-synapse is the binding of neurotransmitters to receptors.