Pharmacology: Drug Elimination & Kidney Function
29 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which process primarily removes intact drugs from the body?

  • Excretion (correct)
  • Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Biotransformation

What is the primary organ responsible for renal drug excretion?

  • Intestines
  • Liver
  • Kidneys (correct)
  • Lungs

Which type of nephron is characterized by long loops of Henle that extend into the medulla?

  • Juxtamedullary nephrons (correct)
  • Cortical nephrons
  • Medullary nephrons
  • Superficial nephrons

How is drug clearance typically expressed?

<p>Volume of fluid removed per unit time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the glomerulus in the nephron?

<p>Filtration of blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Volatile drugs, such as gaseous anesthetics, are mainly excreted through which route?

<p>Expired air (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT involved in drug elimination?

<p>Absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What maintains the normal fluid volume and electrolyte composition in the body?

<p>Kidney function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about renal excretion is correct?

<p>It primarily eliminates nonvolatile and polar drugs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The structure of the kidney where filtration begins is called what?

<p>Glomerulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hepatic duct do?

<p>Joins with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components primarily make up bile?

<p>Water, bile salts, and bile pigments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is enterohepatic circulation?

<p>The reabsorption and excretion process of drugs through bile. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when drugs that undergo enterohepatic circulation are administered?

<p>They can generate multiple peaks in the plasma drug concentration curve. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic must a drug have for primary excretion via bile?

<p>Molecular weights above 500. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is it difficult to determine if a drug in feces is due to biliary excretion?

<p>After oral administration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can saturate the process of drug secretion into bile?

<p>High drug concentrations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After a drug is administered parenterally, finding it in feces suggests what?

<p>Some of the drug was excreted in bile. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of drugs in enterohepatic circulation?

<p>They can experience a change in plasma concentration levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structures are responsible for the production of bile?

<p>Hepatic cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors primarily influences glomerular filtration?

<p>Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capillaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of active tubular secretion?

<p>It is limited by the capacity of the carrier system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about drug protein binding is correct?

<p>It has little effect on the elimination half-life of drugs primarily secreted by active secretion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Renal excretion of drugs may occur through which process?

<p>A combination of glomerular filtration, active tubular secretion, and tubular reabsorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the free drug concentration in plasma influence renal clearance?

<p>Increases proportionately leading to enhanced renal clearance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs are eliminated primarily through renal excretion?

<p>Nonvolatile, water soluble, and low molecular weight drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during tubular reabsorption?

<p>Filtered drugs are reabsorbed back into the plasma, which can be active or passive. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the process of glomerular filtration?

<p>It filters drugs based on their size and charge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about renal blood flow is true?

<p>Approximately 25% of cardiac output is received by the kidneys. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Drug Elimination

The process of removing a drug from the body, either through excretion of the intact drug or through biotransformation (metabolism).

Drug Excretion

The removal of intact drug from the body, usually through urine, sweat, saliva, milk or other body fluids.

Biotransformation

The process of chemically altering a drug within the body, usually through enzymes, making it easier to excrete.

Renal Excretion

The primary method of drug excretion through the kidneys, which filter the blood and produce urine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Drug Clearance

A measure of how efficiently a drug is removed from the body, expressed as the volume of blood cleared of the drug per unit time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Kidney

The main excretory organ responsible for filtering waste products, maintaining fluid balance, and regulating electrolytes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cortex

The outer layer of the kidney.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Medulla

The inner region of the kidney.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Loop of Henle

A U-shaped structure in the nephron that helps regulate water and electrolyte balance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glomerular Filtration

A passive process where small molecules, including drugs, are filtered from the blood into the nephron.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Active Tubular Secretion

An active transport process that moves drugs from the blood into the nephron, even against a concentration gradient.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tubular Reabsorption

The process where some drugs are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream from the nephron.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Protein Binding

The attachment of a drug to proteins in the blood, which can affect its excretion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Free Drug Concentration

The amount of drug not bound to proteins in the blood, which is available for filtration and excretion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Drug Elimination Half-Life

The time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the body to decrease by half.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biliary Excretion

The removal of drugs from the body through the bile, produced by the liver.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Common Hepatic Duct

A duct that joins the intrahepatic bile ducts outside the liver, carrying bile to the gallbladder.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intrahepatic Bile Ducts

Ducts within the liver that collect bile from the liver cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bile Concentration

The process by which the bile stored in the gallbladder becomes more concentrated, removing water and increasing the concentration of bile salts and other components.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hepatic Bile Pathway

The path of bile produced by the liver, starting from the bile canaliculi, through the hepatic duct, and ultimately joining with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Common Bile Duct

The final pathway for bile, formed by the union of the hepatic duct and the cystic duct, carrying concentrated bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bile Composition

Bile is mostly composed of water, bile salts, bile pigments, electrolytes, and smaller amounts of cholesterol and fatty acids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bile Production

Bile is actively produced by the hepatic cells lining the bile canaliculi, a process vital for the digestion of fats.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Enterohepatic Circulation

A recycling process where a drug or its metabolite is secreted into bile, excreted into the duodenum, potentially absorbed back into the bloodstream, and re-excreted in bile.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biliary Excretion Significance

The presence of a drug in feces after oral administration might be due to biliary excretion or incomplete absorption. Parenteral administration helps determine if excretion occurred in the bile.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biliary Excretion Saturation

High drug concentrations can saturate the active bile secretion process, leading to reduced excretion efficiency.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Drug Competition for Biliary Excretion

Different drugs may compete for the same carrier system in the bile excretion process, influencing each other's elimination.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Secondary Plasma Peak

A second peak in the plasma drug concentration curve can occur due to the reabsorption of bile-excreted drug back into the bloodstream, indicating enterohepatic circulation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Drug Elimination and Clearance

  • Drug elimination is categorized into excretion and biotransformation
  • Drug excretion is the removal of the intact drug
  • Most nonvolatile and polar drugs are excreted through kidneys into urine
  • Other excretion pathways include bile, sweat, saliva, milk, and lungs (for volatile drugs)

Kidney Anatomy and Physiology

  • Kidneys are the primary excretory organs, removing metabolic waste and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
  • Kidneys have a cortex and medulla
  • Nephrons are the basic functional units of kidneys, responsible for waste removal and balance
  • Cortical nephrons have short loops of Henle, while juxtamedullary nephrons have longer loops extending into the medulla
  • Longer loops concentrate urine more effectively due to greater reabsorption capacity

Renal Drug Excretion

  • Renal excretion is a significant elimination route for many drugs
  • Drugs are excreted through glomerular filtration, active tubular secretion, and tubular reabsorption
  • Glomerular filtration primarily removes small, free drugs
  • Active secretion is a carrier-mediated process that moves drugs against concentration gradients. It is capacity-limited
  • Tubular reabsorption can be active or passive, returning substances to the blood.

Biliary Excretion

  • Biliary excretion is another route for drug elimination, mainly for drugs with high molecular weights
  • Anatomically, bile ducts transport bile made by hepatic cells and bile pigments from the liver through gallbladder and into the duodenum
  • Compounds that go through enterohepatic cycles show secondary peaks in the plasma-concentration curve - the drug is secreted into bile, passes through intestines, and then reabsorbed

Factors Influencing Excretion

  • Protein binding of drugs impacts glomerular filtration as only free drugs can be filtered
  • Drug ionization (pH of urine) affects tubular reabsorption

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Module 7: Drug Elimination PDF

Description

Explore the essential concepts of drug elimination and the role of kidneys in pharmacology. This quiz covers topics like drug excretion pathways, kidney anatomy, and the processes involved in renal drug excretion. Test your understanding of how kidneys regulate drug clearance from the body.

More Like This

Drug Elimination and Metabolism Quiz
5 questions

Drug Elimination and Metabolism Quiz

MomentousSavanna avatar
MomentousSavanna
Drug Elimination Processes Quiz
15 questions

Drug Elimination Processes Quiz

WillingHeliotrope6932 avatar
WillingHeliotrope6932
Drug Elimination Rate and Clearance Quiz
10 questions

Drug Elimination Rate and Clearance Quiz

BrotherlyBlessing avatar
BrotherlyBlessing
Élimination des Médicaments et Fonctionnement des Reins
13 questions

Élimination des Médicaments et Fonctionnement des Reins

LikablePreRaphaelites7579 avatar
LikablePreRaphaelites7579
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser