Pharmacology Drug Absorption Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What can occur if an unimmunized woman contracts rubella during the first trimester?

  • Guaranteed healthy birth outcomes
  • Increased risk of diabetes in the mother
  • Low likelihood of fetal damage
  • High rate of abortion and congenital rubella syndrome (correct)

    • What is the recommended approach for preventing rubella in women of childbearing age?

  • Immunization and prevention of rubella (correct)
  • Avoidance of all vaccinations
  • Regular check-ups for fetal development
  • Immediate vaccination during pregnancy

    • What complications are commonly associated with congenital rubella syndrome?

  • Cataracts, deafness, and heart defects (correct)
  • Increased melanin levels and jaundice
  • Obesity and asthma
  • Diabetes and hypertension

    • What occurs when an Rh-negative patient has a fetus that is Rh-positive?

    <p>Rh-negative patients may require Rho(D) immune globulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk associated with the mixing of maternal and fetal blood during pregnancy?

    <p>Potential immunological reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for a pudendal block during labor?

    <p>For low forceps deliveries and episiotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens immediately before the administration of a pudendal block?

    <p>The pudendal nerves are blocked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is membrane stripping performed during labor?

    <p>To release prostaglandin F2 or E2 to induce labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of dinoprostone in labor induction?

    <p>To create cervical effacement and softening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a relative contraindication to the use of regional anesthesia?

    <p>Severe gestational hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what manner is the pudendal block administered?

    <p>Transvaginally behind the sacrospinous ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do prostaglandins have on labor?

    <p>They cause cervical effacement and increase water content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors determine the use of dinoprostone cervical gel in labor induction?

    <p>The cervical status and delivery readiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for caudal epidural anesthesia?

    <p>Pain in the first and second stages of labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is caudal epidural anesthesia typically administered?

    <p>In the active phase of labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area does caudal epidural anesthesia block?

    <p>Perineum, masking uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common concern associated with caudal epidural anesthesia?

    <p>Increased need for forceps or vacuum extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common injection site for caudal epidural anesthesia?

    <p>Epidural space through the sacral hiatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of labor is the paracervical block typically administered?

    <p>First stage of labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area does the paracervical block target during administration?

    <p>Uterus, cervix, and vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method of labor induction mentioned?

    <p>Mechanical methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of drug absorption is characterized by requiring energy and a carrier?

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main drawback of administering drugs through the oral route?

    <p>Slower absorption due to first-pass metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of drug administration provides the highest bioavailability with instantaneous absorption?

    <p>Intravenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with intravenous drug administration?

    <p>Inadvertent introduction of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug route exploits bypassing the first-pass effect while still allowing for drug absorption?

    <p>Rectal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT typically affect drug bioavailability?

    <p>Patient's weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of metabolism for lipid-soluble drugs in the body?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following routes allows for the largest volume of drug delivery, considering it must not be irritating?

    <p>Intramuscular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a drug's ionization affect its absorption?

    <p>Affects lipid/water solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug administration route is effective for drugs with unpleasant tastes?

    <p>Rectal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of the first-pass metabolism on drug administration?

    <p>Decreases bioavailability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor would NOT hinder drug distribution in the body?

    <p>Food intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which administration route provides the quickest effect for gases or volatile drugs?

    <p>Inhalational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When two highly-protein bound drugs are administered together, what is the potential outcome?

    <p>Competition for binding sites results in more free drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main active ingredient in the Ortho-Evra patch?

    <p>Ethinyl Estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often is the Ortho-Evra patch applied?

    <p>Once a week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key benefits of using the Ortho-Evra patch?

    <p>No need for daily reminders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hormone therapy does the Ortho-Evra patch use?

    <p>Combined hormone therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions does the Ortho-Evra patch reduce the risk of?

    <p>Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the patch-free week in the Ortho-Evra regimen?

    <p>To allow for withdrawal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes progestins from natural progesterone?

    <p>Progestins are synthetic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is NOT a recommended site for applying the Ortho-Evra patch?

    <p>Forehead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Drug Concentration and Administration

    • Multiple doses maintain high drug concentration, bioavailability, and AUC.
    • Passive absorption occurs via diffusion, moving from higher to lower concentration without energy.
    • Active transport requires a carrier and energy; involved in more complex drug absorption mechanisms.

    Drug Absorption Routes

    • Oral Route: Common but slower absorption; subject to first-pass metabolism.
    • Buccal and Sublingual: Direct absorption into systemic circulation, bypassing first-pass effect, rapidly reaching the bloodstream.
    • Intravenous: Instantaneous absorption with 100% bioavailability, but higher risk of systemic complications.
    • Intramuscular: Faster and more complete absorption than oral; large volumes can be administered.
    • Subcutaneous: Bypasses first-pass effect, slower absorption; less feasible for large volumes.
    • Rectal Suppository: Partially avoids first-pass metabolism; suitable for patients unable to take oral medication.
    • Inhalational: Offers rapid absorption; minimal systemic effects; suited for gaseous drugs.
    • Topical: Localized action; primarily for local treatment.

    Factors Influencing Drug Absorption

    • Lipid solubility, ionization, blood flow, stomach acidity, and food presence affect absorption rates.
    • First-pass effect significantly reduces the effective concentration of drugs metabolized by the liver.

    Bioavailability

    • Percentage of drug reaching systemic circulation post-administration; oral administration typically less than 100%.

    Metabolism

    • Occurs primarily in the liver; transforms lipid-soluble drugs into water-soluble compounds for excretion.

    Anesthesia Techniques

    • Caudal Epidural: Used for labor pain; risks include increased use of delivery instruments.
    • Paracervical Block: Rarely used due to fetal bradycardia risks; alleviates first-stage labor pain.
    • Pudendal Block: Administered just before delivery for perineal anesthesia; does not relieve labor pain.

    Labor Induction Methods

    • Mechanical Methods: Utilize devices like indwelling catheters or saline infusion for cervical induction.
    • Prostaglandins: Promote cervical effacement; dilates cervix via administered dinoprostone gel.

    Contraindications for Regional Anesthesia

    • Severe gestational hypertension and coagulation disorders increase risks during regional anesthesia.

    Immunization in Pregnancy

    • Rho(D) Immune Globulin: Given to Rh-negative mothers to prevent complications from Rh-positive fetuses.

    Hormonal Contraceptives

    • Ethinyl Estradiol (EE): Most common synthetic estrogen; available in combination hormone products such as the Ortho-Evra patch.
    • Progestins: Synthetic hormones that mimic progesterone; used in various contraceptives to inhibit ovulation and improve menstrual symptoms.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on drug concentration and administration methods. This quiz covers various absorption routes, including oral, buccal, intravenous, and more. Understand the implications of each route on drug bioavailability and metabolism.

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