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Questions and Answers
Bioavailability is defined as the fraction of unchanged drug reaching the local site of action.
Bioavailability is defined as the fraction of unchanged drug reaching the local site of action.
False
The area under the concentration curve (AUC) represents the body's exposure to the drug.
The area under the concentration curve (AUC) represents the body's exposure to the drug.
True
Half-life (t1/2) is defined as the time required to increase the amount of drug in the body by one half.
Half-life (t1/2) is defined as the time required to increase the amount of drug in the body by one half.
False
Factors affecting bioavailability include the extent of absorption and the rate of distribution.
Factors affecting bioavailability include the extent of absorption and the rate of distribution.
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When drug doses are repeated, the drug does not accumulate in the body if the administration intervals are correct.
When drug doses are repeated, the drug does not accumulate in the body if the administration intervals are correct.
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Carrier proteins play a role in the absorption of drugs through endocytosis.
Carrier proteins play a role in the absorption of drugs through endocytosis.
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Topical administration has high systemic bioavailability compared to oral administration.
Topical administration has high systemic bioavailability compared to oral administration.
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A drug's effectiveness can be maintained by adjusting its administration intervals relative to its half-life.
A drug's effectiveness can be maintained by adjusting its administration intervals relative to its half-life.
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Topical antibiotics are used for preventing infections in dirty wounds.
Topical antibiotics are used for preventing infections in dirty wounds.
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The effectiveness of a drug's pharmacological response can be influenced by regional variation in skin penetration.
The effectiveness of a drug's pharmacological response can be influenced by regional variation in skin penetration.
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Occlusive agents, emollients, and skin penetration enhancers can increase drug permeation.
Occlusive agents, emollients, and skin penetration enhancers can increase drug permeation.
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In most dermatoses, Gram- bacteria are predominantly found.
In most dermatoses, Gram- bacteria are predominantly found.
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The type of skin disorder can determine the most appropriate vehicle for treatment.
The type of skin disorder can determine the most appropriate vehicle for treatment.
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Drug solubility is an unimportant factor when choosing a vehicle for topical applications.
Drug solubility is an unimportant factor when choosing a vehicle for topical applications.
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Liquid preparations are less common than solid preparations in dermatology.
Liquid preparations are less common than solid preparations in dermatology.
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Hydration ability of a vehicle is not relevant in treating skin disorders.
Hydration ability of a vehicle is not relevant in treating skin disorders.
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Topical application is facilitated by the interactions between drug, skin, and vehicle.
Topical application is facilitated by the interactions between drug, skin, and vehicle.
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Antibiotic selection is independent of the diagnosis in treating bacterial infections.
Antibiotic selection is independent of the diagnosis in treating bacterial infections.
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Topical antifungals can be administered as sprays for treating fungal infections.
Topical antifungals can be administered as sprays for treating fungal infections.
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Permethrin is ineffective against lice and is classified as a medical device.
Permethrin is ineffective against lice and is classified as a medical device.
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Keratolytic agents used for retention hyperkeratosis can cause skin sensitivity.
Keratolytic agents used for retention hyperkeratosis can cause skin sensitivity.
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Fungistatic agents work by actively killing fungi rather than inhibiting their growth.
Fungistatic agents work by actively killing fungi rather than inhibiting their growth.
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Nystatin is effective solely at high concentrations against Candida.
Nystatin is effective solely at high concentrations against Candida.
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Treatments for scabies should be applied only to the affected area of the body.
Treatments for scabies should be applied only to the affected area of the body.
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Amorolfin is available as a nail lacquer for the treatment of onychomycosis.
Amorolfin is available as a nail lacquer for the treatment of onychomycosis.
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Imidazoles such as ketoconazole and clotrimazole are considered fungicides.
Imidazoles such as ketoconazole and clotrimazole are considered fungicides.
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Isotretinoin is known to cause cheilitis.
Isotretinoin is known to cause cheilitis.
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Isotretinoin does not have any reported adverse effects.
Isotretinoin does not have any reported adverse effects.
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Young females should be given adequate contraception when taking isotretinoin because it is teratogenic.
Young females should be given adequate contraception when taking isotretinoin because it is teratogenic.
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Photosensitivity is a side effect of isotretinoin treatment.
Photosensitivity is a side effect of isotretinoin treatment.
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Increased serum lipid levels can be a side effect of isotretinoin.
Increased serum lipid levels can be a side effect of isotretinoin.
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Temporary worsening of lesions is not experienced by patients taking isotretinoin.
Temporary worsening of lesions is not experienced by patients taking isotretinoin.
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Nose bleeds are associated with isotretinoin usage.
Nose bleeds are associated with isotretinoin usage.
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Xerosis is a condition that can result from isotretinoin treatment.
Xerosis is a condition that can result from isotretinoin treatment.
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Calcipotriene and calcitriol are vitamin D analogues that inhibit keratinocyte proliferation.
Calcipotriene and calcitriol are vitamin D analogues that inhibit keratinocyte proliferation.
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Salicylic acid is a keratolytic agent that is typically applied topically at a concentration of 10-40%.
Salicylic acid is a keratolytic agent that is typically applied topically at a concentration of 10-40%.
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Emollients are used to minimize skin dryness during free periods of therapy.
Emollients are used to minimize skin dryness during free periods of therapy.
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The ratio of ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids in equimolar administration is crucial for barrier restoration.
The ratio of ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids in equimolar administration is crucial for barrier restoration.
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Humectants like urea and glycerin are important for enhancing skin hydration.
Humectants like urea and glycerin are important for enhancing skin hydration.
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Topical corticosteroids are recommended for seborrhoeic dermatitis treatments.
Topical corticosteroids are recommended for seborrhoeic dermatitis treatments.
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Allantoin is an example of a soothing agent used to alleviate itch in eczema care.
Allantoin is an example of a soothing agent used to alleviate itch in eczema care.
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Free fatty acids should be administered in a 2:1:1 ratio for atopic dermatitis treatment.
Free fatty acids should be administered in a 2:1:1 ratio for atopic dermatitis treatment.
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Topical corticosteroids can be used for long periods due to their immunosuppressive activity.
Topical corticosteroids can be used for long periods due to their immunosuppressive activity.
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Anti-histamines serve the same purpose as corticosteroids in managing dermatitis-related symptoms.
Anti-histamines serve the same purpose as corticosteroids in managing dermatitis-related symptoms.
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Fungistatic drugs are never used in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis.
Fungistatic drugs are never used in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis.
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Arbutin and hydroquinone are ingredients used for skin lightening.
Arbutin and hydroquinone are ingredients used for skin lightening.
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Oral psoralens are used alone without UVA irradiation in the treatment of vitiligo.
Oral psoralens are used alone without UVA irradiation in the treatment of vitiligo.
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Excessive use of potent corticosteroids like betamethasone can lead to skin atrophy.
Excessive use of potent corticosteroids like betamethasone can lead to skin atrophy.
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Ketoconazole is a type of anti-histamine used in dermatitis treatment.
Ketoconazole is a type of anti-histamine used in dermatitis treatment.
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Tyrosinase inhibition is a target for treatment in hypermelanosis.
Tyrosinase inhibition is a target for treatment in hypermelanosis.
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Study Notes
Advanced Cosmetic Science - Introduction to Pharmacology, Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics
- This course is part of a MSc Cosmetic Science program, Year 4.
- It introduces the study of substances that interact with living systems, either by activating or inhibiting normal body processes.
- A drug is any agent used for diagnosis, prevention or treatment, changing physiological or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient. This can be through chemical or biological methods.
- There are various types of drugs, including xenobiotics (drugs not naturally produced in the body), poisons (drugs with predominantly harmful effects), and toxins (poisons of biological origin, from microorganisms, plants or animals.) Paracelsus stated the dose makes the poison.
- Drugs interact with receptors, specific molecules in a biological target system that play regulatory roles. Lidocaine, for example, blocks sodium channels, preventing pain signals.
- Drug size varies widely, from very small molecules to very large proteins. Most drugs have molecular weights between 100 and 1000. Size is crucial for binding to specific receptors.
- Drug shape is critical for proper binding to receptors. The shape of the drug should be complementary to that of the receptor.
- A drug's journey through the body, or pharmacokinetics, involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME).
- Pharmacokinetics (ADME) measures how a drug travels in the body once administered, from absorption to elimination.
- Bioavailability describes how much of an administered drug reaches the systemic circulation unchanged, influencing topical drug effectiveness.
- Half-life (t1/2) is the time required for the amount of drug in the body to reduce by half during elimination. This is important for maintaining drug effectiveness when dosing repeatedly.
- Repeated doses of a drug cause accumulation in the body until administration stops. Balancing dose intervals and half-lives ensures effective treatment.
- Skin disorders require different treatment approaches, based on topical or systemic treatments.
- Skin may act as a reservoir for certain drugs, affecting bioavailability.
- Regional variations in drug penetration influence absorption.
- Dosing schedules affect treatment timing.
- Vehicles (and occlusion factors) in topical treatments influence drug penetration.
- High concentration of drugs can cause skin sensitization.
- Classification and dosage forms of drugs employed in dermatology. Includes semisolid preparations (e.g., ointments, creams, gels, pastes, poultices) and liquid/solid preparations (e.g., shampoos, foams, sticks, powders, aerosols, patches).
- Treatments for bacterial, viral and fungal infections that can exist in dermatoses conditions. Types of antibiotics and antifungals used in each case.
- Treatment of parasitic dermatoses, such as lice and scabies. Topical anti-parasitic treatments are effective.
- Treatments for inflammatory dermatoses, focusing on acne (retention hyperkeratosis, excess sebum, comedogenic materials), including the various treatment targets (sebum excretion, keratinisation, follicular Propionibacterium acnes, inflammation).
- Comedogenic ingredients need to be evaluated using various techniques for safe topical application.
- Treatment of dermatitis conditions involving topical corticosteroids, immunosuppressant effects or antimitotic activity.
- Understanding the treatment considerations of the type of skin disorder for the most suitable treatment are crucial.
- Skin disorders are diagnosed with appropriate treatments based on different categories.
- Treatments and typical drugs for each category of skin disorder are included.
- Concepts for skin conditions include understanding the cycle of melanin production.
- Techniques for lightening or preventing dark spots, as well as the use of exfoliation and UV protection.
- Overview of various depigmenting agents to treat conditions of hyper or hypo-melanosis.
- Treatment of vitiligo; this involves the use of topical corticosteroids.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of bioavailability, the area under the concentration curve (AUC), and the pharmacokinetic parameters essential for understanding drug effectiveness. It covers how factors like absorption and administration techniques impact drug action and distribution. Test your knowledge on drug properties related to topical administration and half-life.
