Pharmacology Study Activity: Oral Drug Absorption
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Questions and Answers

What contributes the most to the large surface area for absorption in the intestine?

  • Villi and the presence of villi alone
  • Length and folds in the mucosal lining (correct)
  • Lack of peristalsis in the intestine
  • Presence of digestive enzymes
  • Which of the following factors can decrease the bioavailability of tetracycline?

  • Combining with acidic foods
  • Digestive enzymes in the stomach
  • Presence of heavy metals in food (correct)
  • Increased intake of high-fat foods
  • What effect does lying on the left side have on stomach emptying?

  • Slows stomach emptying (correct)
  • Accelerates stomach emptying
  • Has no effect on stomach emptying
  • Promotes absorption of drugs
  • What is a consequence of too rapid emptying of the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Decreased absorption of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antacid drugs generally affect the pH of gastric fluid?

    <p>Raise the pH, making it more alkaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following should NOT be done when administering sustained-release medication? SELECT all that apply

    <p>Chew the medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what state are more lipid-soluble molecules typically found?

    <p>Non-ionized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bioavailability in pharmacology?

    <p>The amount of administered drug that reaches the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug form typically offers faster dissolution in G.I. fluids?

    <p>Capsules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does enteric coating have on a drug?

    <p>It only dissolves in the intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the nature of the absorbing surface affect drug absorption?

    <p>It dictates the rate at which the drug passes through the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors primarily affects drug form on bioavailability?

    <p>Dissolution rate in G.I. fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes passive transport of lipid-soluble drugs?

    <p>Drugs dissolve and move through lipid material of the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do cell membranes primarily have that impacts drug absorption?

    <p>They have a double layer of lipids with embedded proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the stomach, what state will a basic drug like codeine primarily be in?

    <p>Water-soluble state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the surface area available for absorption in the intestine?

    <p>Chemical composition of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the administration of a tetracycline drug with an antacid affect the drug?

    <p>Decreases its solubility and inactivates it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of food on drug absorption?

    <p>Delays stomach emptying and decreases absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will likely happen if a patient takes tetracycline with milk?

    <p>Reduced effectiveness due to calcium binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of an acidic drug like aspirin in the stomach?

    <p>Primarily non-ionized and readily absorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines the rate and direction of diffusion across a membrane?

    <p>The relative concentration of the drug on either side of the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the ionization state of a drug affect its absorption in the gastrointestinal (G.I.) tract?

    <p>Ionized drugs are water-soluble but poorly absorbed through membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic has the least influence on the absorption rate of a drug?

    <p>Color of the tablet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are basic drugs poorly absorbed in the stomach?

    <p>Because they are less soluble in stomach fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an acidic drug when it transitions from acidic to alkaline environments?

    <p>It increases in ionization and water-solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between drug molecule size and its ability to pass through membrane pores?

    <p>Size determines whether a drug can pass through pores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Advantages of Oral Route

    • Convenient and non-invasive method for drug administration.
    • Allows self-administration without professional assistance.
    • Generally less expensive than other routes.

    G.I. Absorption

    • Oral drugs must be absorbed from the G.I. tract into the bloodstream for effectiveness.
    • Bioavailability is the metric for the amount of the drug that enters systemic circulation.
    • Factors affecting absorption include drug form, nature of the absorbing surface, and G.I. system characteristics.

    Drug Form and Preparation

    • Dissolution rate impacts bioavailability; example forms include capsules, tablets, and liquid formulations.
    • Enteric coatings prevent dissolution in stomach, released in the intestine; do not crush.
    • Sustained-release forms must not be chewed or taken with hot/alcoholic beverages to prevent overdose.

    Nature of the Absorbing Surface

    • Drug absorption occurs through G.I. membrane, interstitial fluid, and capillary membrane.
    • Membranes consist of lipid and protein layers; drug transport involves passive diffusion.
    • Lipid-soluble drugs diffuse through cell membranes, while water-soluble drugs pass through membrane pores.

    Chemical and Physical Characteristics of G.I. System

    • pH of G.I. tract influences drug ionization; non-ionized drugs are lipid-soluble and easily absorbed.
    • Aspirin, a weak acid, is non-ionized in the stomach—facilitating absorption.
    • Basic drugs tend to become ionized in acidic environments, affecting absorption rates.

    Surface Area for Absorption

    • Intestines offer a larger surface area for drug absorption compared to the stomach due to folds and villi.

    Impact of Food and Other Materials

    • Certain foods and drug interactions can impede drug absorption; e.g., tetracycline with heavy metals in food.
    • Delayed stomach emptying can slow drug absorption; causes include high-fat foods and body position.
    • Changes in G.I. pH due to food or medications can adversely affect absorption location and rate.

    Interactions and Implications

    • Concurrent administration of certain drugs can decrease absorption efficacy; e.g., tetracycline with antacids forms insoluble complexes.
    • Rapid G.I. tract movement lowers the amount of drug absorbed; slower movement allows for better absorption.
    • Basic drugs like codeine are water-soluble in the stomach and poorly absorbed, while acidic drugs like aspirin are lipid-soluble and well absorbed.

    Practical Considerations for Patients

    • Instruct patients taking sustained-release medications to avoid chewing, crushing, or mixing with certain beverages.
    • Educate on the potential adverse effects of combining antacids with specific antibiotics.
    • Regular dietary considerations and timing with medications can optimize drug absorption.

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    Description

    This study activity focuses on the absorption of oral drugs, emphasizing the advantages of the oral route and the processes involved in gastrointestinal absorption. Understanding these concepts is crucial for determining the effectiveness and bioavailability of medications. Engage with this material to enhance your pharmacology knowledge.

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