Pharmacology Chapter: General Pharmacology

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Questions and Answers

Qual e il metodo de assorbimento pro un patch transdermal?

Osmosi

Diffusion attiva

Diffusion facilitata

Diffusion passiva (correct)

Qual site es considerate pro le maximos absorption de patches transdermal?

Bracchio

Palmas

Post auricular (correct)

Soles

Qual combina il medicos de scopolamina viene usate pro?

Chronic angina

Angioedema

Motion sickness (correct)

Alzheimer's Disease

Qual de iste es un exemplo de hormone replacement therapy?

Natural estrogen and progesterone Signup and view all the answers

Que patch es usate pro cessa de fumer?

Nicotine patch Signup and view all the answers

Qual medicamento es usate pro le mal de movimento?

Hyoscine Signup and view all the answers

Qual de iste non es un site de minimo absorption pro patch?

Scrotum Signup and view all the answers

Qual condition es associata con le uso de rivastigmine?

Alzheimer's Disease Signup and view all the answers

Qual rutas de administration de medicamentos non entra in circulation systemic?

Local Signup and view all the answers

Unde occurrer le metaboismo de primo passaggio?

Le intestinos Signup and view all the answers

Qual de istos non es un ruta systemic de administration?

Intradermal Signup and view all the answers

Qual terminus describe le proportione de un medicamento qui entra in circulation systemic?

Biodisponibilitate Signup and view all the answers

Qual organo es principalmente implicate in le processus de primo passaggio?

Le fici Signup and view all the answers

Qual description es correcte pro le clearance hepatic?

Le taux de elimination de medicamentos per le fici Signup and view all the answers

Qual de le sequente es un exemplo de un route local de administration?

Intraarticular Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le effeto del primo passaggio su le biodisponibilitate de un medicamento?

Il diminui le biodisponibilitate Signup and view all the answers

Quale de le sequente substantiis es usate como un anticoagulante?

Propranolol Signup and view all the answers

Que option non es un medicamento parenteral?

Salbutamol Signup and view all the answers

Quale medicamento es typicamente usate in le tratamento de angina?

Verapamil Signup and view all the answers

In qual circumstance le administrate per vias inhalatoria es considerate le plus rapide?

In emergencies acuta Signup and view all the answers

Quale de le sequente non es un steroid natural?

Imipramine Signup and view all the answers

Quale metodo de administrante es considerate le plus predictabile?

Intravenal Signup and view all the answers

In le contexto de medicinas, que significa 'parenteral'?

Usa de needles Signup and view all the answers

Quale option representa un causa de hypoglycemia?

Excess de insulina Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Drug Administration Routes

Local Routes: Drugs administered locally do not enter systemic circulation.
Systemic Routes: Drugs that enter systemic circulation via veins allow for broader distribution in the body.
Oral Administration: Involves absorption from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract into systemic circulation.

Bioavailability and First Pass Metabolism (FPM)

First Pass Metabolism: Occurs primarily in the liver and intestines, affecting drug bioavailability before it reaches systemic circulation.
Impact of FPM: Significant for drugs like propranolol, morphine, and fentanyl, which undergo extensive hepatic metabolism.
Clearance Measurement: Hepatic clearance is crucial for understanding drug extraction rates, typically expressed as a fraction (e.g., 0.6 or 0.2).

Types of Drug Administration

Parenteral Administration: Rapid and predictable uptake, bypassing gastrointestinal absorption barriers.
Transdermal Systems: Use passive diffusion for drug absorption; effective for long-term administration (e.g., nicotine patches).
Injection Techniques: Routes include intramuscular and subcutaneous; specific sites can enhance absorption.

Absorption Characteristics

Site of Maximum Absorption: Areas like the post auricular region and scrotum are ideal for transdermal patches.
Site of Least Absorption: Palms and soles show minimal drug uptake.
Chronic Conditions: Certain patches are used for chronic diseases (e.g., angina).

Therapeutic Applications

Hormonal Therapies: Estrogen and progesterone patches are used for hormone replacement therapy.
Inhalational Therapies: Essential for conditions like asthma, providing direct action and rapid relief.
Neurological Treatments: Scopolamine for motion sickness and rivastigmine for Alzheimer’s disease demonstrate varied applications of drug routes.

Adverse Effects and Considerations

Painful Administration: Certain injection methods can cause discomfort, highlighting the need for better techniques.
Long-Term Therapy: Transdermal systems like contraceptive implants provide sustained drug release over extended periods.

Miscellaneous

Innovative Delivery Systems: Explore novel methods to enhance drug effectiveness and patient compliance.
Clinical Relevance: Understanding drug routes and metabolism is crucial for optimizing therapeutic outcomes in pharmacology.

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Description

Questo quiz se concentra sulle nozioni fondamentali della farmacologia generale, incluse le vie di somministrazione dei farmaci, la biodisponibilità e la bioequivalenza. Ideale per studenti del secondo anno di MBBS, tale contenuto offre una base importante per comprendere i principi farmacologici necessari nella pratica clinica.