Pharmacology: Routes of Drug Administration
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Questions and Answers

What is the bioavailability of orally administered drugs typically affected by?

  • Drug scent
  • Drug color
  • Size of the drug package
  • First-pass metabolism (correct)

    • Which condition is NOT involved in affecting drug excretion?

  • Postoperative conditions (correct)
  • Postrenal conditions
  • Intrarenal conditions
  • Prerenal conditions

    • Drugs administered intravenously have a bioavailability of less than 100%.

    False

    Drugs with a narrow therapeutic index do not require close monitoring.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a solid drug form disintegrates into small particles and combines with a liquid?

    <p>Dissolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum effective concentration (MEC)?

    <p>The minimum amount of drug required for its effects to occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bioavailability of drugs that bypass the portal circulation is usually _____ than those taken orally.

    <p>higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs with a narrow therapeutic index must maintain plasma drug levels within the ___________.

    <p>therapeutic range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the routes of administration with their first-pass metabolism outcome:

    <p>Oral = Subject to first-pass metabolism IV = Not subject to first-pass metabolism IM = Not subject to first-pass metabolism Buccal = Not subject to first-pass metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does acidic urine have on drug elimination?

    <p>Promotes elimination of weak bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might increase the bioavailability of a drug that is metabolized by the liver?

    <p>Liver dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each drug with its corresponding characteristic regarding the therapeutic index:

    <p>Warfarin = Requires close monitoring due to narrow therapeutic index Digoxin = Potentially toxic if not monitored Phenytoin = Used to prevent seizures Acetaminophen = Has a wide therapeutic index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately 80% of drugs are taken orally in enteral form.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intrarenal conditions like chronic kidney disease can decrease glomerular filtration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two factors that can alter drug bioavailability.

    <p>Drug form, route of administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common tests are used to determine renal function?

    <p>Creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of drug excretion from the body?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A drug with a low potency like codeine produces significant therapeutic responses at low concentrations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ED50 represent in pharmacology?

    <p>The dose of a drug that produces a therapeutic response in 50% of the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The therapeutic index (TI) is the difference between the __________ dose (ED50) and the __________ dose (TD50).

    <p>therapeutic, toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drug descriptions with their corresponding terms:

    <p>Fentanyl = Drug with high potency producing therapeutic effects at low concentrations Codeine = Drug with low potency producing minimal therapeutic responses Therapeutic Index = Difference between the ED50 and TD50 Normal urine pH = Varies from 4.6 to 8.0 influencing drug excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does maximal efficacy refer to?

    <p>The point at which increasing a drug’s dosage no longer increases the desired therapeutic responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs are only excreted through urine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the excretion of drugs in urine?

    <p>Urine pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is administered to block the effects of heparin in case of an overdose?

    <p>Protamine sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tyramine is considered a vasodilator when consumed with monoamine oxidase inhibitors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of photosensitivity reactions caused by drugs?

    <p>Photoallergic and phototoxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nutritional deficiencies such as protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) can lead to decreased drug absorption and altered ________ of distribution.

    <p>volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following foods should be avoided when taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI)?

    <p>Tyramine-rich foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drug-laboratory interactions can lead to unnecessary repeat laboratory testing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one consequence of drug-induced photosensitivity.

    <p>Skin reaction or cellular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Heparin = A blood thinner used to prevent clots MAOI = A class of antidepressants that inhibit monoamine oxidase Tyramine = A substance that can cause vasoconstriction Photosensitivity = Skin reaction to sunlight due to drug exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does betanechol have on heart rate (HR)?

    <p>Decreases HR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are always desirable and intended effects of drug therapy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a decreased responsiveness to a drug over time?

    <p>tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drug toxicity occurs when drug levels exceed the __________ range.

    <p>therapeutic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following could potentially alter drug metabolism?

    <p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the drug with its effect:

    <p>Betanechol = Pupil constriction Epinephrine = Multiple body system effects Bronchoconstriction = Decreased heart rate Increased gastric acid = Decreased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tolerance can lead to an increase in effective drug dosage over time.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one potential severe adverse drug reaction.

    <p>anaphylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Drug Administration and Bioavailability

    • Drugs administered via routes such as IM, IV, SQ, nasal, sublingual, and buccal bypass the portal circulation, avoiding first-pass metabolism.
    • Bioavailability measures the percentage of the administered drug that is available for therapeutic activity.
    • Orally administered drugs undergo varying bioavailability due to absorption and first-pass metabolism, consistently remaining below 100%.
    • Intravenous (IV) drugs have a bioavailability of 100%.

    Drug Absorption

    • Drug absorption entails the movement of the drug into the bloodstream.
    • About 80% of drugs are ingested orally.
    • Solid forms must disintegrate and dissolve in a liquid to be absorbed, whereas liquid forms are already dissolved.
    • Factors affecting bioavailability include drug form, route of administration, gastric mucosa integrity, food interactions, and liver metabolism.

    Drug Excretion

    • The kidneys are the primary organs for drug excretion, filtering free, water-soluble, and unchanged drugs.
    • Bile, lungs, saliva, sweat, and breast milk also excrete drugs.
    • Urine pH ranges from 4.6 to 8.0; acidic urine aids the elimination of weak base drugs while alkaline urine promotes weak acid drug elimination.
    • Prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal issues can impede drug excretion via decreased glomerular filtration.

    Therapeutic Index and Drug Safety

    • The therapeutic index (TI) indicates the safety margin between effective (ED50) and toxic doses (TD50) of a drug.
    • A narrow TI is observed in drugs like warfarin and digoxin, necessitating careful monitoring to remain within the therapeutic range.
    • Maintenance doses are crucial to achieve steady-state concentrations after initial loading doses.

    Onset, Peak, and Duration of Action

    • Onset denotes the time for a drug to reach minimum effective concentration (MEC).
    • Peak concentration occurs when the highest drug levels are reached.
    • Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are unintended effects of drugs that can range from mild to severe and must be documented.

    Drug Metabolism and Interactions

    • Drug toxicity may arise from exceeding therapeutic levels due to overdose or accumulation.
    • Tolerance refers to reduced drug effectiveness following prolonged use.
    • Drug-nutrient interactions can modify pharmacokinetic responses; for example, MAOIs and tyramine-rich foods may cause hypertensive crises.
    • Nutritional deficiencies can impair pharmacokinetic processes, affecting drug responses and leading to toxicity.

    Drug-Laboratory Interactions

    • Drugs can interfere with lab testing, leading to misinterpretation of results.
    • Misinterpretations can result in unnecessary additional tests or incorrect diagnoses.

    Drug-Induced Photosensitivity

    • Photosensitivity skin reactions are caused by drug exposure to sunlight, primarily UVA and to some extent UVB.
    • Reactions are classified as photoallergic or phototoxic, resulting from interactions between the drug and light.

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    Chapter 2: Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers various routes of drug delivery, such as intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, nasal, sublingual, and buccal methods. It also explores concepts of bioavailability and first-pass metabolism. Test your understanding of how these routes impact drug effectiveness and absorption.

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