Difficult Pharmacology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs?

Pharmacokinetics (correct)

Xenobioticology

Toxicology

Pharmacodynamics

Which science focuses on the mechanism of action of drugs and their effects on cells, tissues, and the body?

Toxicology

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacodynamics (correct)

Xenobioticology

What is the term for any foreign chemical substance, which, for the purposes of pharmacology, can be a drug or a toxin?

Xenobiotic (correct)

Toxicant

Pharmacogen

Endobiotic

What is the focus of toxicology as a scientific discipline?

Study of xenobiotics causing detrimental effects and related pathologies Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration is commonly used in veterinary practice?

Intramuscular injection Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the blood brain barrier?

Tight junctions between endothelial cells Signup and view all the answers

Why is inhalation of anaesthetic agents a common practice?

To deliver drugs locally without entering the systemic circulation Signup and view all the answers

What physicochemical property is required for a steroid anti-inflammatory drug for inhalation in horses?

Appropriate lipophilicity Signup and view all the answers

What does absorption involve?

Processes of getting the drug from the site of administration to the plasma Signup and view all the answers

In what form must Phenylbutazone be administered for a lame horse?

In feed Signup and view all the answers

What must organophosphate toxins pass through to reach the brain in poisoning cases?

Cell membranes Signup and view all the answers

Which factors affect the speed and extent of drug penetration across a membrane?

Concentration gradient, surface area, membrane thickness, time in contact, and permeability Signup and view all the answers

Which factor determines the clinical effect of a drug?

Dose rate and dosage interval Signup and view all the answers

What affects the movement of xenobiotics in the body?

Molecular weight and lipophilicity Signup and view all the answers

What describes drug movement in the body?

Pharmacokinetics Signup and view all the answers

What must happen for drugs and toxins to have a biological effect?

Enter the body Signup and view all the answers

What affects the effectiveness and potential toxicity of streptomycin?

Administration route Signup and view all the answers

What influences drug action and owner compliance?

Route of drug administration Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors affecting the stratum corneum barrier?

Molecular weight and lipophilicity Signup and view all the answers

What are the disadvantages of the enteral route of drug administration?

Drug degradation and food interference Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of oral drugs despite their convenience for home administration?

Degradation in the gastrointestinal tract Signup and view all the answers

What may affect drug action and metabolism by the liver?

Food and rapid metabolism by the liver Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration allows for erratic drug absorption, with 50% bypassing the liver?

Oral administration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of parenteral routes of drug administration?

Rapid and high blood drug concentrations Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge specific to oral drug dosing in ruminants?

Drug dilution in rumen fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug dosage form can target drug release in specific parts of the gastrointestinal tract?

Protected oral dosage forms Signup and view all the answers

What does the first pass effect refer to?

Metabolism of drugs by the liver after absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration ensures 100% bioavailability?

Intravenous administration Signup and view all the answers

In which animal species may oral drug administration be inconvenient?

Cattle Signup and view all the answers

What can pharmaceutical technologies do to improve drug absorption and reduce side effects?

Selectively release drugs to specific parts of the gastrointestinal tract Signup and view all the answers

What may be a consideration for rectal administration of fluids in a dehydrated dog with gastroenteritis?

The dog's ability to retain the fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of drugs that do not dissolve in the intestinal contents?

They may not be absorbed effectively Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of injectable dosage forms?

Protect drugs from intestinal degradation Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of intravenous administration of drugs?

Ensures rapid drug action Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the mechanisms by which drugs achieve anesthesia?

Pharmacodynamics Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial drug-receptor interaction considered as?

Drug action Signup and view all the answers

What do drug effects alter?

Pre-existing cell function Signup and view all the answers

How do anaesthetic drugs work?

By depressing excitatory neurons, stimulating inhibitory neurons, or depressing all neurons Signup and view all the answers

What do non-cellular mechanisms of drug action include?

Physical effects, chemical reactions, physicochemical effects, and modification of body fluid composition Signup and view all the answers

What are the most numerous drug receptors?

Cells' proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of receptor activation?

Induction of synthesis of specific protein, regulation of gated ion channels in the plasma membrane, and regulation of plasma membrane enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What does an agonist do?

Stimulates a reaction in the cell, with affinity and potency determining its level of activity Signup and view all the answers

What does an antagonist do?

Interferes with a receptor or part of the effector mechanism without eliciting a reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is drug-receptor bonding?

Reversible Signup and view all the answers

What are the drug effects on the patient proportional to?

The concentration of the drug in the body Signup and view all the answers

What determines the level of activity of an agonist?

Affinity and potency Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Routes of Drug Administration and Pharmacokinetics

The first pass effect refers to the metabolism of drugs by the liver after absorption, which can affect drug bioavailability.
Drugs that do not dissolve in the intestinal contents may not be absorbed effectively.
Oral drug administration can result in slower drug action compared to injectable routes and may be inconvenient for certain animal species like cattle, pigs, and cats.
Rectal administration allows for erratic drug absorption, with 50% bypassing the liver, making it useful for certain drug types and conditions.
Protected oral dosage forms, such as enteric coatings, can target drug release in specific parts of the gastrointestinal tract to improve absorption and reduce side effects.
Ruminants present unique challenges for oral drug dosing, including drug dilution in rumen fluid and inactivation by rumen microflora.
Parenteral routes of drug administration include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and other methods, each with specific advantages and disadvantages.
Injectable dosage forms can provide rapid and high blood drug concentrations, protect drugs from intestinal degradation, and avoid first pass metabolism.
Intravenous administration ensures 100% bioavailability, as all the drug enters the circulation unchanged.
A farmer treating cows with an oral antibiotic for a kidney infection may face challenges related to drug absorption, metabolism, and effectiveness.
For a dehydrated dog with gastroenteritis, rectal administration of fluids may be considered, in addition to other non-intravenous methods, depending on the dog's ability to retain the fluid.
Pharmaceutical technologies can selectively release drugs to specific parts of the gastrointestinal tract, offering potential benefits for drug absorption and side effects.

Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics: Mechanisms of Drug Action

Pharmacodynamics refers to the mechanisms by which drugs achieve anesthesia.
The initial drug-receptor interaction is the action of the drug.
Drug effects are quantitative and alter pre-existing cell function.
Anaesthetic drugs work by depressing excitatory neurons, stimulating inhibitory neurons, or depressing all neurons.
Non-cellular mechanisms of drug action include physical effects, chemical reactions, physicochemical effects, and modification of body fluid composition.
Cellular mechanisms of drug action involve physicochemical and biophysical processes, modification of cell membrane structure and function, neurohumoral transmission, enzyme inhibitors, and regulatory molecule activation or inhibition through receptor-mediated effects.
The most numerous drug receptors are the cells' proteins, with properties such as specificity, saturable kinetics, and action vs. effect.
Results of receptor activation include the induction of synthesis of specific protein, regulation of gated ion channels in the plasma membrane, and regulation of plasma membrane enzymes.
An agonist stimulates a reaction in the cell, with affinity and potency determining its level of activity.
An antagonist interferes with a receptor or part of the effector mechanism without eliciting a reaction.
Drug-receptor bonding is reversible, and increasing concentrations of ligand can displace the antagonist.
Drug effects on the patient are proportional to the concentration of the drug in the body, correlating with the concentration of the agent in the plasma.

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Description

Test your understanding of drug administration routes, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics with this quiz. Explore topics such as first pass effect, oral and parenteral administration, drug-receptor interaction, anaesthetic mechanisms, and drug effects on cellular and non-cellular levels.