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Questions and Answers
Drugs must have the adequate shape so they can bind to their receptors via chemical bonds - the drug shape should be complimentary to that of the ______.
Drugs must have the adequate shape so they can bind to their receptors via chemical bonds - the drug shape should be complimentary to that of the ______.
receptor
A drug should be able to reach its site of action after ______.
A drug should be able to reach its site of action after ______.
administration
The drug may be sufficiently soluble and stable to be administered as an ______ drug.
The drug may be sufficiently soluble and stable to be administered as an ______ drug.
active
A ______ is converted to the active drug inside the body by biological processes.
A ______ is converted to the active drug inside the body by biological processes.
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The drug must be ______ at the site of administration - unless the action is local, absorption is usually made into the blood.
The drug must be ______ at the site of administration - unless the action is local, absorption is usually made into the blood.
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The drug must be distributed - usually through the blood flow - to its site of ______.
The drug must be distributed - usually through the blood flow - to its site of ______.
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The drug may be ______ at any point since absorption.
The drug may be ______ at any point since absorption.
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After its effect, the drug should be ______ at a reasonable rate.
After its effect, the drug should be ______ at a reasonable rate.
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Isotretinoin causes ______;
Isotretinoin causes ______;
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Most antifungals inhibit the synthesis of ______ in both yeasts and dermatophytes.
Most antifungals inhibit the synthesis of ______ in both yeasts and dermatophytes.
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Isotretinoin can lead to ______ due to its drying effects on the skin.
Isotretinoin can lead to ______ due to its drying effects on the skin.
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One potential side effect of isotretinoin is ______ bleeds.
One potential side effect of isotretinoin is ______ bleeds.
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Imidazoles include drugs like ______ and clotrimazole.
Imidazoles include drugs like ______ and clotrimazole.
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Lice are treated with rinse-off formulations like creams, foams, and ______.
Lice are treated with rinse-off formulations like creams, foams, and ______.
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Isotretinoin can cause increased serum ______;
Isotretinoin can cause increased serum ______;
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Permethrin is effective against lice at a concentration of ______%.
Permethrin is effective against lice at a concentration of ______%.
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Calcipotriene and calcitriol are ______ analogues applied topically.
Calcipotriene and calcitriol are ______ analogues applied topically.
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Photosensitivity is a side effect of ______.
Photosensitivity is a side effect of ______.
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Scabies are treated with solutions or lotions that must be applied to the whole body, from the neck ______.
Scabies are treated with solutions or lotions that must be applied to the whole body, from the neck ______.
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Isotretinoin is ______, therefore young females should be given adequate contraception.
Isotretinoin is ______, therefore young females should be given adequate contraception.
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Keratolytic agents are applied topically to aid ______ and decrease the symptoms of hyperkeratosis.
Keratolytic agents are applied topically to aid ______ and decrease the symptoms of hyperkeratosis.
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Temporary worsening of ______ can occur with isotretinoin use.
Temporary worsening of ______ can occur with isotretinoin use.
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Emollients are frequently used in therapy-free periods to minimize skin ______ that can lead to early recurrence.
Emollients are frequently used in therapy-free periods to minimize skin ______ that can lead to early recurrence.
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Keratolytic agents are often prescription medicines due to their potential as skin ______.
Keratolytic agents are often prescription medicines due to their potential as skin ______.
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Isotretinoin is commonly prescribed for ______ vulgaris.
Isotretinoin is commonly prescribed for ______ vulgaris.
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Ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids are key components in ______ therapy for barrier restoration.
Ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids are key components in ______ therapy for barrier restoration.
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Treatment for onychomycosis includes nail ______ containing amorolfine.
Treatment for onychomycosis includes nail ______ containing amorolfine.
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Soothing agents, such as starch and allantoin, are used to alleviate ______.
Soothing agents, such as starch and allantoin, are used to alleviate ______.
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To manage retention hyperkeratosis, it is important to prevent the formation of an ______ environment.
To manage retention hyperkeratosis, it is important to prevent the formation of an ______ environment.
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Humectants like urea and glycerin are important for maintaining skin ______.
Humectants like urea and glycerin are important for maintaining skin ______.
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Topical corticosteroids are used to alleviate most dermatitis-related signs, such as ______ and erythema.
Topical corticosteroids are used to alleviate most dermatitis-related signs, such as ______ and erythema.
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Topical corticosteroids are avoided in seborrhoeic dermatitis due to the influence of ______ spp. yeasts.
Topical corticosteroids are avoided in seborrhoeic dermatitis due to the influence of ______ spp. yeasts.
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Topical treatment is often used for _____ disorders.
Topical treatment is often used for _____ disorders.
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The effectiveness of a drug in treating skin disorders can be influenced by _____ variation in drug penetration.
The effectiveness of a drug in treating skin disorders can be influenced by _____ variation in drug penetration.
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Vehicles and excipients may have _____ effects in the treatment of skin disorders.
Vehicles and excipients may have _____ effects in the treatment of skin disorders.
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_____ agents, emollients, and skin penetration enhancers are used to increase drug permeation.
_____ agents, emollients, and skin penetration enhancers are used to increase drug permeation.
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The type of skin disorder may define the most appropriate _____ for treatment.
The type of skin disorder may define the most appropriate _____ for treatment.
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Topical _____ are used to prevent infections in clean wounds.
Topical _____ are used to prevent infections in clean wounds.
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In most dermatoses, _____ bacteria are commonly found.
In most dermatoses, _____ bacteria are commonly found.
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Hydrophilic and lipophilic properties are important for _____ formulations.
Hydrophilic and lipophilic properties are important for _____ formulations.
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Drying preparations are often used for inflammatory skin disorders with _____ and crusting.
Drying preparations are often used for inflammatory skin disorders with _____ and crusting.
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The _____ of drug release is an important consideration in drug formulation for skin application.
The _____ of drug release is an important consideration in drug formulation for skin application.
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Bioavailability is defined as the fraction of unchanged drug reaching the ______ circulation.
Bioavailability is defined as the fraction of unchanged drug reaching the ______ circulation.
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In topical administration, bioavailability refers to the fraction of unchanged drug that reaches the site of ______.
In topical administration, bioavailability refers to the fraction of unchanged drug that reaches the site of ______.
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The area under the concentration curve (AUC, mg.h/L) defines the body’s exposure to the ______.
The area under the concentration curve (AUC, mg.h/L) defines the body’s exposure to the ______.
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Half-life (t1/2) is the time required to change the amount of drug in the body by one ______ during elimination.
Half-life (t1/2) is the time required to change the amount of drug in the body by one ______ during elimination.
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When drug doses are repeated, the drug accumulates in the body until administration ______.
When drug doses are repeated, the drug accumulates in the body until administration ______.
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Balancing dose intervals and half-lives is key for effective ______.
Balancing dose intervals and half-lives is key for effective ______.
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The main factors affecting bioavailability are the extent of absorption, first-pass elimination, and the rate of ______.
The main factors affecting bioavailability are the extent of absorption, first-pass elimination, and the rate of ______.
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Carrier proteins and endocytosis facilitate the ______ diffusion of drugs across cell membranes.
Carrier proteins and endocytosis facilitate the ______ diffusion of drugs across cell membranes.
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Study Notes
Advanced Cosmetic Science - Introduction to Pharmacology, Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics
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Pharmacology: The study of substances interacting with living systems via chemical processes, by activating or inhibiting normal bodily processes.
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Drug: Any substance used for diagnosis, disease prevention, or therapeutic purposes. It modifies physiological or pathological states for the recipient's benefit.
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Chemical Actions: Drugs work through chemical actions.
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Drug Receptors: Specific molecules facilitating drug action.
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Drug Size: Drug molecule sizes vary widely, from tiny to very large (proteins). Most drugs have molecular weights (Mw) between 100 and 1000. A molecule's unique shape and charge are vital for binding to a specific receptor, preventing binding to other receptors. Sufficient size is needed for uniqueness. Drugs need to move within the body; large molecules don't diffuse easily between body compartments.
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Drug Shape: Drug shape must be complementary to the receptor shape for effective binding via chemical bonds.
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Pharmacokinetics: The process describing how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated (ADME) in the body. A drug must reach its site of action after administration.
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Absorption: The drug must be absorbed into the bloodstream (except in local applications).
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Distribution: Drugs are distributed by blood flow to the target area, passing through barriers separating body compartments.
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Metabolism: Drug metabolism happens at any point after absorption.
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Elimination: The drug must be eliminated at a reasonable rate after the action is complete.
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Bioavailability: The fraction of unchanged drug reaching the systemic circulation.
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Half-life (t1/2) : The time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to reduce by half during elimination. Dose intervals and half-lives are key to effective treatment. Repeated drug doses lead to accumulation until dosing stops.
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Drug Size: Factors impacting bioavailability are the extent of absorption, first-pass elimination, and the rate of absorption. The area under the concentration curve (AUC) measures the total exposure of the body to a drug.
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Drug Shape: Different drug administration routes (e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, oral, rectal, inhalation, transdermal) have different bioavailability percentages.
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Pharmacodynamics: The study of how drugs interact with their targets (e.g., receptors and enzymes) to produce their effects. Agents can be agonists (producing the same effect as the natural chemical messenger) or antagonists (blocking the natural chemical messenger's effects). Enzymes can be blocked, inhibiting the normal function.
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Drug-Receptor Interactions: Drugs bring about changes in biological functions through their chemical actions. Receptors are specific molecules in the target biological system that play regulatory roles. Examples include lidocaine blocking pain signals through Na+ channels.
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Enzymatic Receptors: Drugs can also affect enzymatic activities. For example, a drug might block an enzyme’s active site, thus inhibiting its activity.
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Drugs/Receptors: Drugs can interact with receptors. For instance, lidocaine blocks sodium channels to stop pain signals.
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A Prodrug: An inactive precursor enabling easier absorption and distribution.
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Pharmacokinetic Principles: Drug stability and solubility are critical for effective administration.
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Treatment of Skin Disorders: Skin disorders are treated systemically or topically. Variables influencing response include regional variation in penetration, dosing schedule, vehicle used (and whether it causes occlusion), and drug concentration gradients. Skin can act as a reservoir for some drugs. Vehicles and excipients contribute to drug effects.
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Treatment of Infectious Dermatoses: Topical antibiotics, antibiotic selection depending on bacteria type, early treatment, and considerations on clean wounds, are important components of topical antibiotic treatment. Typical examples include bacitracin (Gram+), clindamycin (gram-positive and negative), metronidazole (acne and rosacea), and tetracyclines (severe acne).
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Treatment of Viral Dermatoses: Many viral warts resolve, though antiviral treatment can accelerate healing for herpes simplex or zoster. Cryotherapy, salicylic acid, and surgical removal methods for removal of warts.
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Treatment of Fungal Dermatoses: Antifungals (imidazoles, nystatin) inhibit ergosterol synthesis.
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Treatment of Parasitic Dermatoses: Lice are treated with rinse-off formulations containing agents like permethrin. Scabies requires body-wide treatment with lotions/solutions, and follow-up washing.
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Treatment of Inflammatory Dermatoses: Acne is frequently associated with issues such as retention hyperkeratosis, excessive sebum, and comedogenic materials. Methods to treat inflammatory dermatoses include keratolytic agents, to manage sebum, and to target comedones.
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Treatment of Dermatitis: Topical corticosteroids are useful anti-inflammatory agents for eczema, acne, and psoriasis.
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Treatment of Dyschromias: Hypermelanosis and hypomelanosis treatments include skin lightening agents, UV protection, tyrosinase inhibitors, and topical corticosteroid use (with possible side effects).
Subheadings
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key concepts of pharmacology, especially regarding drug action, absorption, and effects. This quiz covers essential topics such as drug shape, administration, and side effects. Get ready to explore the fascinating world of how drugs interact within the body!
