Pharmacology Chapter 1-3 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the midbrain composed of?

Thalamus (correct)

Hypothalamus (correct)

Cerebellum

Brain stem (correct)

Pituitary gland (correct)

Why is the vagus nerve very important?

It controls the heart rate and circulatory system.

What is a generic name?

Original name that was given to the drug, not capitalized.

What is a trade name?

Capitalized name given to a drug. Signup and view all the answers

What does the FTA (Federal Trade Commission) regulate?

Trade practices of drug companies and prohibits false advertising. Signup and view all the answers

What does the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) do?

Grants approval for drugs to be marketed and regulates their labeling. Signup and view all the answers

What does the DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) administer?

The Controlled Substances Act of 1970. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Omnibus requirement for pharmacists?

To provide patient counseling and a drug utilization review for Medicaid patients. Signup and view all the answers

What is Schedule 1?

Drugs with the highest abuse potential and no accepted medical use. Signup and view all the answers

What defines Schedule 2 drugs?

High abuse potential, no telephone prescriptions, and only providers can sign. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Schedule 3 drugs?

Moderate abuse potential and can be telephoned, no more than 5 prescriptions in 6 months. Signup and view all the answers

What are Schedule 4 drugs?

Less abuse potential, can be telephoned, no more than 5 prescriptions in 6 months. Signup and view all the answers

What defines Schedule 5 drugs?

Least abuse potential and can be bought over-the-counter in some states. Signup and view all the answers

What is the metric system based on?

Base of 10. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'mechanism of action' refer to?

What the drug does. Signup and view all the answers

What is efficacy in pharmacology?

The maximum intensity of effect or response that can be produced by a drug. Signup and view all the answers

What is potency?

Function of the amount of drug required to produce an effect. Signup and view all the answers

What is absorption?

The cell membrane, effect of ionization, routes of administration. Signup and view all the answers

What is distribution in pharmacology?

Plasma proteins, general circulation, enterohepatic circulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is metabolism in pharmacology?

Liver function and the first-pass effect. Signup and view all the answers

What is excretion?

Lungs, skin, GI tract, kidneys, and sweat glands. Signup and view all the answers

What do least soluble drugs have?

Longest duration. Signup and view all the answers

What do more soluble drugs have?

Shortest duration. Signup and view all the answers

How are messages carried across for nerves?

By hormones and neurotransmitters. Signup and view all the answers

What are some neurotransmitters?

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine. Signup and view all the answers

What is an agonist?

Has high affinity for a receptor and produces an effect. Signup and view all the answers

What is an antagonist?

Counteracts the action of an agonist. Signup and view all the answers

What is a receptor?

Huge molecules that allow substances to pass through the cell membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is enterohepatic circulation?

Metabolism is reduced by this process. Signup and view all the answers

What is first-order kinetics?

1/2 of the drug is metabolized from the start. Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of a drug?

The time for the concentration of a drug to fall to half of its blood level. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Midbrain Composition

Composed of thalamus, hypothalamus, brain stem, and pituitary gland.

Importance of the Vagus Nerve

Regulates heart rate and circulatory system functions.

Generic Name

The original name given to a drug, not capitalized (e.g., cola).

Trade Name

The commercially marketed name, capitalized (e.g., Coke).

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Regulates trade practices of drug companies and prohibits false advertising of foods, OTC drugs, and cosmetics.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Grants marketing approval for drugs in the US after evaluating safety and effectiveness.
Regulates prescription and OTC drug sales, labeling, and advertising.

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

Enforces the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, overseeing the manufacture and distribution of potentially abused substances.

Omnibus Regulations

Mandates that pharmacists provide patient counseling and perform prospective drug utilization review (DUR) for Medicaid patients.

Drug Scheduling - Schedule 1

Highest potential for abuse; no accepted medical use, only for research purposes.

Drug Scheduling - Schedule 2

High potential for abuse; requires a prescription with no refills and no telephone orders.

Drug Scheduling - Schedule 3

Moderate abuse potential; prescriptions can be phoned in, limited to 5 refills in 6 months.

Drug Scheduling - Schedule 4

Lower abuse potential; prescriptions can be phoned in, limited to 5 refills in 6 months.

Drug Scheduling - Schedule 5

Least abuse potential; some can be purchased OTC in certain states.

Metric System

A base-10 system used for measurement.

Mechanism of Action

Refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug produces its effect.

Efficacy

The maximum effect or response achievable by a drug.

Potency

Indicates the amount of drug needed to achieve a specific effect; displayed on a log-dose curve.

Absorption

Involves cell membrane interactions, effects of ionization, and routes of drug administration.

Distribution

Factors influencing distribution include plasma proteins, general circulation, and capillary bed characteristics.

Metabolism

Primarily occurs in the liver, involving first-order and zero-order kinetics and the first-pass effect.

Excretion

Drugs are eliminated through the lungs, skin, GI tract, kidneys, and other glands.

Drug Solubility and Duration

Least soluble drugs typically have a longer duration of action, while more soluble drugs have a shorter duration.

Neural Transmission

Messages are transmitted via hormones and neurotransmitters.

Common Neurotransmitters

Include epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine.

Agonist

A substance that binds with a receptor and produces a desired effect; characterized by high potency and efficacy.

Antagonist

A substance that blocks or counteracts the action of an agonist.

Receptors

Large molecules enabling the passage of substances through cell membranes.

Enterohepatic Circulation

A process that prolongs drug effect by re-circulating liver metabolites through the gastrointestinal system, increasing drug availability.

First-Order Kinetics

Refers to drug metabolism where a constant fraction (e.g., half) is metabolized over time.

Half-Life of a Drug

The time required for the concentration of a drug in the blood to decrease by half.

Factors Affecting Drug Action

The administration method and various individual factors can influence drug effectiveness and side effects.

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Description

Test your knowledge of essential pharmacology concepts with these flashcards covering chapters 1 to 3. Each card presents key terms and definitions, ensuring a solid understanding of important topics like the midbrain, vagus nerve, and drug nomenclature.