Questions and Answers
What is the midbrain composed of?
Why is the vagus nerve very important?
It controls the heart rate and circulatory system.
What is a generic name?
Original name that was given to the drug, not capitalized.
What is a trade name?
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What does the FTA (Federal Trade Commission) regulate?
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What does the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) do?
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What does the DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) administer?
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What is the Omnibus requirement for pharmacists?
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What is Schedule 1?
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What defines Schedule 2 drugs?
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What characterizes Schedule 3 drugs?
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What are Schedule 4 drugs?
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What defines Schedule 5 drugs?
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What is the metric system based on?
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What does 'mechanism of action' refer to?
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What is efficacy in pharmacology?
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What is potency?
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What is absorption?
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What is distribution in pharmacology?
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What is metabolism in pharmacology?
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What is excretion?
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What do least soluble drugs have?
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What do more soluble drugs have?
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How are messages carried across for nerves?
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What are some neurotransmitters?
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What is an agonist?
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What is an antagonist?
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What is a receptor?
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What is enterohepatic circulation?
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What is first-order kinetics?
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What is the half-life of a drug?
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Study Notes
Midbrain Composition
- Composed of thalamus, hypothalamus, brain stem, and pituitary gland.
Importance of the Vagus Nerve
- Regulates heart rate and circulatory system functions.
Generic Name
- The original name given to a drug, not capitalized (e.g., cola).
Trade Name
- The commercially marketed name, capitalized (e.g., Coke).
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
- Regulates trade practices of drug companies and prohibits false advertising of foods, OTC drugs, and cosmetics.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- Grants marketing approval for drugs in the US after evaluating safety and effectiveness.
- Regulates prescription and OTC drug sales, labeling, and advertising.
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
- Enforces the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, overseeing the manufacture and distribution of potentially abused substances.
Omnibus Regulations
- Mandates that pharmacists provide patient counseling and perform prospective drug utilization review (DUR) for Medicaid patients.
Drug Scheduling - Schedule 1
- Highest potential for abuse; no accepted medical use, only for research purposes.
Drug Scheduling - Schedule 2
- High potential for abuse; requires a prescription with no refills and no telephone orders.
Drug Scheduling - Schedule 3
- Moderate abuse potential; prescriptions can be phoned in, limited to 5 refills in 6 months.
Drug Scheduling - Schedule 4
- Lower abuse potential; prescriptions can be phoned in, limited to 5 refills in 6 months.
Drug Scheduling - Schedule 5
- Least abuse potential; some can be purchased OTC in certain states.
Metric System
- A base-10 system used for measurement.
Mechanism of Action
- Refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug produces its effect.
Efficacy
- The maximum effect or response achievable by a drug.
Potency
- Indicates the amount of drug needed to achieve a specific effect; displayed on a log-dose curve.
Absorption
- Involves cell membrane interactions, effects of ionization, and routes of drug administration.
Distribution
- Factors influencing distribution include plasma proteins, general circulation, and capillary bed characteristics.
Metabolism
- Primarily occurs in the liver, involving first-order and zero-order kinetics and the first-pass effect.
Excretion
- Drugs are eliminated through the lungs, skin, GI tract, kidneys, and other glands.
Drug Solubility and Duration
- Least soluble drugs typically have a longer duration of action, while more soluble drugs have a shorter duration.
Neural Transmission
- Messages are transmitted via hormones and neurotransmitters.
Common Neurotransmitters
- Include epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine.
Agonist
- A substance that binds with a receptor and produces a desired effect; characterized by high potency and efficacy.
Antagonist
- A substance that blocks or counteracts the action of an agonist.
Receptors
- Large molecules enabling the passage of substances through cell membranes.
Enterohepatic Circulation
- A process that prolongs drug effect by re-circulating liver metabolites through the gastrointestinal system, increasing drug availability.
First-Order Kinetics
- Refers to drug metabolism where a constant fraction (e.g., half) is metabolized over time.
Half-Life of a Drug
- The time required for the concentration of a drug in the blood to decrease by half.
Factors Affecting Drug Action
- The administration method and various individual factors can influence drug effectiveness and side effects.
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Description
Test your knowledge of essential pharmacology concepts with these flashcards covering chapters 1 to 3. Each card presents key terms and definitions, ensuring a solid understanding of important topics like the midbrain, vagus nerve, and drug nomenclature.