Pharmacology Chapter 1-3 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the midbrain composed of?

  • Thalamus (correct)
  • Hypothalamus (correct)
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain stem (correct)
  • Pituitary gland (correct)

    • Why is the vagus nerve very important?

    It controls the heart rate and circulatory system.

    What is a generic name?

    Original name that was given to the drug, not capitalized.

    What is a trade name?

    <p>Capitalized name given to a drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the FTA (Federal Trade Commission) regulate?

    <p>Trade practices of drug companies and prohibits false advertising.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) do?

    <p>Grants approval for drugs to be marketed and regulates their labeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) administer?

    <p>The Controlled Substances Act of 1970.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Omnibus requirement for pharmacists?

    <p>To provide patient counseling and a drug utilization review for Medicaid patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Schedule 1?

    <p>Drugs with the highest abuse potential and no accepted medical use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines Schedule 2 drugs?

    <p>High abuse potential, no telephone prescriptions, and only providers can sign.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Schedule 3 drugs?

    <p>Moderate abuse potential and can be telephoned, no more than 5 prescriptions in 6 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Schedule 4 drugs?

    <p>Less abuse potential, can be telephoned, no more than 5 prescriptions in 6 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines Schedule 5 drugs?

    <p>Least abuse potential and can be bought over-the-counter in some states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the metric system based on?

    <p>Base of 10.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'mechanism of action' refer to?

    <p>What the drug does.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is efficacy in pharmacology?

    <p>The maximum intensity of effect or response that can be produced by a drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is potency?

    <p>Function of the amount of drug required to produce an effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is absorption?

    <p>The cell membrane, effect of ionization, routes of administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is distribution in pharmacology?

    <p>Plasma proteins, general circulation, enterohepatic circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is metabolism in pharmacology?

    <p>Liver function and the first-pass effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is excretion?

    <p>Lungs, skin, GI tract, kidneys, and sweat glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do least soluble drugs have?

    <p>Longest duration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do more soluble drugs have?

    <p>Shortest duration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are messages carried across for nerves?

    <p>By hormones and neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some neurotransmitters?

    <p>Epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an agonist?

    <p>Has high affinity for a receptor and produces an effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an antagonist?

    <p>Counteracts the action of an agonist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a receptor?

    <p>Huge molecules that allow substances to pass through the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is enterohepatic circulation?

    <p>Metabolism is reduced by this process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is first-order kinetics?

    <p>1/2 of the drug is metabolized from the start.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of a drug?

    <p>The time for the concentration of a drug to fall to half of its blood level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Midbrain Composition

    • Composed of thalamus, hypothalamus, brain stem, and pituitary gland.

    Importance of the Vagus Nerve

    • Regulates heart rate and circulatory system functions.

    Generic Name

    • The original name given to a drug, not capitalized (e.g., cola).

    Trade Name

    • The commercially marketed name, capitalized (e.g., Coke).

    Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

    • Regulates trade practices of drug companies and prohibits false advertising of foods, OTC drugs, and cosmetics.

    Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

    • Grants marketing approval for drugs in the US after evaluating safety and effectiveness.
    • Regulates prescription and OTC drug sales, labeling, and advertising.

    Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

    • Enforces the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, overseeing the manufacture and distribution of potentially abused substances.

    Omnibus Regulations

    • Mandates that pharmacists provide patient counseling and perform prospective drug utilization review (DUR) for Medicaid patients.

    Drug Scheduling - Schedule 1

    • Highest potential for abuse; no accepted medical use, only for research purposes.

    Drug Scheduling - Schedule 2

    • High potential for abuse; requires a prescription with no refills and no telephone orders.

    Drug Scheduling - Schedule 3

    • Moderate abuse potential; prescriptions can be phoned in, limited to 5 refills in 6 months.

    Drug Scheduling - Schedule 4

    • Lower abuse potential; prescriptions can be phoned in, limited to 5 refills in 6 months.

    Drug Scheduling - Schedule 5

    • Least abuse potential; some can be purchased OTC in certain states.

    Metric System

    • A base-10 system used for measurement.

    Mechanism of Action

    • Refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug produces its effect.

    Efficacy

    • The maximum effect or response achievable by a drug.

    Potency

    • Indicates the amount of drug needed to achieve a specific effect; displayed on a log-dose curve.

    Absorption

    • Involves cell membrane interactions, effects of ionization, and routes of drug administration.

    Distribution

    • Factors influencing distribution include plasma proteins, general circulation, and capillary bed characteristics.

    Metabolism

    • Primarily occurs in the liver, involving first-order and zero-order kinetics and the first-pass effect.

    Excretion

    • Drugs are eliminated through the lungs, skin, GI tract, kidneys, and other glands.

    Drug Solubility and Duration

    • Least soluble drugs typically have a longer duration of action, while more soluble drugs have a shorter duration.

    Neural Transmission

    • Messages are transmitted via hormones and neurotransmitters.

    Common Neurotransmitters

    • Include epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine.

    Agonist

    • A substance that binds with a receptor and produces a desired effect; characterized by high potency and efficacy.

    Antagonist

    • A substance that blocks or counteracts the action of an agonist.

    Receptors

    • Large molecules enabling the passage of substances through cell membranes.

    Enterohepatic Circulation

    • A process that prolongs drug effect by re-circulating liver metabolites through the gastrointestinal system, increasing drug availability.

    First-Order Kinetics

    • Refers to drug metabolism where a constant fraction (e.g., half) is metabolized over time.

    Half-Life of a Drug

    • The time required for the concentration of a drug in the blood to decrease by half.

    Factors Affecting Drug Action

    • The administration method and various individual factors can influence drug effectiveness and side effects.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of essential pharmacology concepts with these flashcards covering chapters 1 to 3. Each card presents key terms and definitions, ensuring a solid understanding of important topics like the midbrain, vagus nerve, and drug nomenclature.

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