Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of pharmacotherapeutics?
What is the primary focus of pharmacotherapeutics?
- The study of the chemical interactions of drugs with living systems
- The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease (correct)
- The development of new drug molecules
- The study of how drugs move through the body
Which of the following is considered the MOST important property of an ideal drug?
Which of the following is considered the MOST important property of an ideal drug?
- Predictability
- Low cost
- Chemical stability
- Effectiveness (correct)
Why is it impossible to achieve a 'perfect' drug?
Why is it impossible to achieve a 'perfect' drug?
- Because drugs are not stable when exposed to moisture.
- Because most drugs are too expensive and not everybody can afford them.
- Because all drugs can produce side effects. (correct)
- Because it is impossible to predict how a particular person will respond to a drug.
What is the major requirement affecting a drug's ability to cross cell membranes?
What is the major requirement affecting a drug's ability to cross cell membranes?
Which of the following is NOT a phase of pharmacokinetics?
Which of the following is NOT a phase of pharmacokinetics?
What is the primary goal when prescribing medication according to the therapeutic objective?
What is the primary goal when prescribing medication according to the therapeutic objective?
What does the term 'clinical pharmacology' primarily involve?
What does the term 'clinical pharmacology' primarily involve?
Which of the following characteristics can affect drug activity, leading to a higher or lower than expected response?
Which of the following characteristics can affect drug activity, leading to a higher or lower than expected response?
Which of the following routes of administration is characterized by the most rapid onset of action?
Which of the following routes of administration is characterized by the most rapid onset of action?
What is a primary disadvantage of intravenous (IV) drug administration compared to other routes?
What is a primary disadvantage of intravenous (IV) drug administration compared to other routes?
Which formulation of medication is designed to release the drug in the intestines rather than the stomach?
Which formulation of medication is designed to release the drug in the intestines rather than the stomach?
Which of the following routes of drug administration is generally considered the safest, particularly in terms of avoiding invasive procedures?
Which of the following routes of drug administration is generally considered the safest, particularly in terms of avoiding invasive procedures?
A medication intended for depot absorption is most likely to be administered by which route?
A medication intended for depot absorption is most likely to be administered by which route?
What is a key disadvantage of oral (PO) drug administration related to patient condition?
What is a key disadvantage of oral (PO) drug administration related to patient condition?
Variations in which property can cause differences in bioavailability among tablets manufactured by different companies?
Variations in which property can cause differences in bioavailability among tablets manufactured by different companies?
Which type of medication is designed to release medication over an extended period, often containing 'beads' of medication in a capsule?
Which type of medication is designed to release medication over an extended period, often containing 'beads' of medication in a capsule?
What is the primary factor determining whether a drug molecule can leave the vascular space?
What is the primary factor determining whether a drug molecule can leave the vascular space?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between a drug and its receptor?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between a drug and its receptor?
What does the term 'bioavailability' primarily refer to in the context of pharmacology?
What does the term 'bioavailability' primarily refer to in the context of pharmacology?
Why do tumors and abscesses often limit drug distribution?
Why do tumors and abscesses often limit drug distribution?
Which of the following factors MOST significantly influences the rate of drug absorption?
Which of the following factors MOST significantly influences the rate of drug absorption?
Which characteristic of a drug is most important for crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
Which characteristic of a drug is most important for crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
What aspect of drug distribution makes newborns particularly susceptible to medications that act on the brain?
What aspect of drug distribution makes newborns particularly susceptible to medications that act on the brain?
If a drug is highly lipid-soluble, how does this characteristic generally affect its absorption?
If a drug is highly lipid-soluble, how does this characteristic generally affect its absorption?
Which mechanism facilitates the movement of drugs out of cells, notably in areas like the liver, kidneys, and intestines?
Which mechanism facilitates the movement of drugs out of cells, notably in areas like the liver, kidneys, and intestines?
A drug has a strong attraction to albumin. What is a likely consequence of this?
A drug has a strong attraction to albumin. What is a likely consequence of this?
According to the content, how do most drugs penetrate cell membranes?
According to the content, how do most drugs penetrate cell membranes?
Which of these would be considered most important in the pre-administration stage of a new drug for a patient?
Which of these would be considered most important in the pre-administration stage of a new drug for a patient?
Which of the following is NOT a primary factor that affects bioavailability?
Which of the following is NOT a primary factor that affects bioavailability?
What does the term 'unbound free drug' refer to?
What does the term 'unbound free drug' refer to?
How does an impairment in kidney or liver function potentially influence the pharmacokinetics of a drug?
How does an impairment in kidney or liver function potentially influence the pharmacokinetics of a drug?
What is the definition of absorption, as it relates to pharmaceutical drugs?
What is the definition of absorption, as it relates to pharmaceutical drugs?
Which of the following best describes an idiosyncratic drug effect?
Which of the following best describes an idiosyncratic drug effect?
A patient with a G6PD deficiency takes a sulfonamide. What type of adverse drug reaction is most likely?
A patient with a G6PD deficiency takes a sulfonamide. What type of adverse drug reaction is most likely?
What is the primary goal of medication reconciliation?
What is the primary goal of medication reconciliation?
When should medication reconciliation be conducted?
When should medication reconciliation be conducted?
Which of the following is the last line of defense against medication errors in hospitals?
Which of the following is the last line of defense against medication errors in hospitals?
What is the most common cause of medication errors in hospitals?
What is the most common cause of medication errors in hospitals?
When reporting medication errors via the MER program, where is the information ultimately sent?
When reporting medication errors via the MER program, where is the information ultimately sent?
How does the intensity of an allergic reaction relate to drug dosage?
How does the intensity of an allergic reaction relate to drug dosage?
A patient is prescribed an oral medication that is known to undergo significant first-pass metabolism. What would be a likely outcome if this medication was given via an oral route?
A patient is prescribed an oral medication that is known to undergo significant first-pass metabolism. What would be a likely outcome if this medication was given via an oral route?
A patient with impaired kidney function is prescribed a medication that is primarily excreted by the kidneys. Which of the following adjustments might be necessary?
A patient with impaired kidney function is prescribed a medication that is primarily excreted by the kidneys. Which of the following adjustments might be necessary?
What is the primary function of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system in drug metabolism?
What is the primary function of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system in drug metabolism?
An agonist drug has both affinity and efficacy. What does this mean in terms of its action on a receptor?
An agonist drug has both affinity and efficacy. What does this mean in terms of its action on a receptor?
What is the significance of a drug's half-life in determining dosing intervals?
What is the significance of a drug's half-life in determining dosing intervals?
A patient is on a medication that is known to be a substrate for multiple CYP450 enzymes. What should prescribers be aware of, to avoid any negative interactions?
A patient is on a medication that is known to be a substrate for multiple CYP450 enzymes. What should prescribers be aware of, to avoid any negative interactions?
What is the effect of an antagonist drug on a receptor site?
What is the effect of an antagonist drug on a receptor site?
An elderly patient is prescribed a medication that is primarily metabolized in the liver. Which consideration should be given to the dosage?
An elderly patient is prescribed a medication that is primarily metabolized in the liver. Which consideration should be given to the dosage?
Flashcards
Drug
Drug
Any chemical that affects living processes.
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
The study of drugs and their interactions with living systems.
Clinical Pharmacology
Clinical Pharmacology
The study of drugs in humans.
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacotherapeutics
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Effective Drug
Effective Drug
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Safe Drug
Safe Drug
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Selective Drug
Selective Drug
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Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics
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Absorption
Absorption
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Bioavailability
Bioavailability
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Transport Systems
Transport Systems
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P-glycoprotein Transporter
P-glycoprotein Transporter
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Channels/Pores
Channels/Pores
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Direct Penetration
Direct Penetration
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Dosage
Dosage
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Intravenous (IV) Administration
Intravenous (IV) Administration
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Intramuscular (IM) Administration
Intramuscular (IM) Administration
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Subcutaneous (SubQ) Administration
Subcutaneous (SubQ) Administration
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Oral (PO) Administration
Oral (PO) Administration
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Enteric-Coated Tablets
Enteric-Coated Tablets
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Sustained-Release Tablets
Sustained-Release Tablets
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Drug Metabolism
Drug Metabolism
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Cytochrome P450
Cytochrome P450
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First Pass Effect
First Pass Effect
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Drug Half-Life
Drug Half-Life
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Agonists
Agonists
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Antagonists
Antagonists
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Drug Distribution
Drug Distribution
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Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
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Drug Limitations
Drug Limitations
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Drug Receptor
Drug Receptor
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Protein Binding
Protein Binding
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Drug Bioavailability
Drug Bioavailability
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Individual Variation
Individual Variation
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Therapeutic Index
Therapeutic Index
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Allergic Reaction
Allergic Reaction
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Idiosyncratic Effect
Idiosyncratic Effect
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Medication Reconciliation
Medication Reconciliation
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Medication Error
Medication Error
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Medication Error Reporting (MER) Program
Medication Error Reporting (MER) Program
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High-Alert Drugs
High-Alert Drugs
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Human Factors in Medication Errors
Human Factors in Medication Errors
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Nurse's Role in Medication Administration
Nurse's Role in Medication Administration
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Study Notes
Basic Terms
- Drug - any substance that affects living processes
- Pharmacology - the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
- Clinical Pharmacology - the study of drugs in humans
- Pharmacotherapeutics - using drugs to diagnose, prevent or treat disease, or prevent pregnancy
Properties of an Ideal Drug
- Effectiveness: All new drugs must demonstrate effectiveness before marketing.
- Safety: Safe drugs do not cause harmful effects; appropriate dosing can minimize harm.
- Selectivity: Ideal drugs produce only the desired response; however, all drugs can cause side effects (SE).
- No such thing as a perfect drug: No drug is completely free from all side effects or drawbacks
More Ideal Characteristics
- Reversible action: The effect of the drug should be temporary and reversible.
- Predictability: Individual responses to a drug vary, and it's difficult to predict the response in each patient.
- Ease of administration: Easy to administer.
- Freedom from drug interactions: Minimal interactions with other drugs.
- Low cost: Affordable to the patient.
- Chemical stability: Drugs should remain effective even after exposure to different environmental factors.
- Simple generic name: Easy to understand.
Therapeutic Objective
- Provide maximum benefit with minimal harm.
- Patient response varies based on factors.
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs.
- Drugs must be lipid-soluble to cross cell membranes.
- Mechanisms for crossing cell membranes: channels/pores, transport systems, and passage through membrane.
Passage of Drugs Across Cell Membranes
- Channels/pores: Small ions can pass through channels/pores
- Transport systems: Selective systems that may require energy.
- Direct penetration of cell membranes: Drugs that are lipid-soluble can penetrate directly.
Bioavailability
- Ability of a drug to reach systemic circulation.
- Factors like administration route (oral vs. parenteral), tablet disintegration time, formulation, stomach contents, etc affect bioavailability
Absorption
- Definition: Movement of a drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream.
- Rate of absorption: Affects when drug action begins.
- Factors influencing absorption: Surface area, blood flow, lipid solubility.
Dosage & Administration
- Drugs may have multiple indications.
- Dosage may vary based on indication or route of administration.
Routes: Intravenous (IV)
- Advantages: Rapid onset, precise control, large volume administered.
- Disadvantages: High cost, difficult, inconvenient, risk of toxicity.
Routes: Intramuscular (IM) or Subcutaneous (SubQ)
- Advantages: Quick absorption.
- Disadvantages: Can be painful, few injection sites.
Routes: Oral (PO)
- Advantages: Safer, requires a conscious patient.
- Disadvantages: Absorption can be variable and slower.
- Barriers: Food, other meds, gastric pH, and highly variable absorption rates.
Other Routes
- Inhalation, rectal, vaginal, topical, transdermal
Pharmacokinetics (continued)
- Drugs reach receptors.
- Binding to receptors varies.
- Factors include tolerance, interference from other drugs etc.
- Individual variations affect response to drug.
Protein Binding (Albumin)
- Only unbound free drug molecules can leave the vascular space.
- Binding is reversible, dependent on attraction strength.
Drug Receptor Sites
- Drug binds to receptor site and produces effect
- Binding can be altered by tolerance or interference.
Drug Distribution
- Transport via vascular space to tissues.
- Factors that limit distribution: abscesses/tumors, blood-brain barrier, placenta.
- The blood-brain barrier and placenta are barriers for some drugs to pass through.
Naming Drugs
- Chemical, generic, and brand names
Drug Pre-Administration
- Nursing assessment for new patients or drugs: baseline info, high-risk patients (liver/kidney issues), allergies, etc
- Reviewing patient history and physical exam.
Drug Administration
- Patient adherence to dosage and time.
- Nurse responsibilities for medication administration (e.g., checking armbands).
Routes of drug administration
- intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, oral, inhalation, etc.
- Advantages and disadvantages of each.
Nursing Role in Changing Routes
- Drug administration errors, patient education, etc.
Metabolism of Drugs (Biotransformation)
- Enzymatic alteration of drug structure.
- Primarily occurs in the liver's P450 system.
- Metabolism results in drug excretion through the kidneys.
Considerations for Drug Metabolism
- Age effects drug metabolism.
- First-pass effect: rapid inactivation of oral drugs.
Drug Excretion
- Removal of drugs from the body (urine, bile, sweat, saliva, expired air).
- Kidneys are crucial in this process.
Time Course of Drug Responses
- Factors that affect when the drug reaches the site of action.
Drug Half-Life
- Time for a drug's concentration to reduce by 50%.
Drug Binding
- Agonists: activate/turn-on receptor sites.
- Antagonists: prevent receptor activation.
Drug-Drug Interactions
- Interactions can be intended or unintended . - May have synergistic effects, intensify effects or reduce efficacy.
- OTC, alcohol, etc can influence drug interactions.
Recognition and Avoidance of Drug-Drug Interactions
- Interactions and potential adverse effects.
- Need for strategies to avoid unintentional interactions.
Clinical Significance
- Factors that impact the outcome of therapy, including drug interactions.
Therapeutic Index
- Measure of drug safety; LD50/ED50 ratio,
Drug-Food Interactions
- Examples: grapefruit with statins, greens with warfarin.
- Interactions need careful consideration.
Adverse Drug reactions & Medication Errors
- Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs): Noxious, unintended effects.
- Ranges in intensity.
- Identification and management critical.
Side Effects
- Expected and often unavoidable secondary effects at therapeutic doses.
- Predictable intensity often dose-dependent.
Allergic reactions
- Immune responses after prior sensitization
- Vary in severity from mild to severe.
Idiosyncratic Effects
- Uncommon, genetically based responses to drugs.
Medication Reconciliation
- Key process during transitions in patient care.
- Lists of current medications, vital details.
Medication Errors
- Risks and consequences.
- Human factors and solutions to avoid.
Ways to reduce medication errors
- Systems and training to enhance safety.
- Reporting errors to the appropriate authorities.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental terms and properties of pharmacology, including the characteristics of an ideal drug. This quiz covers essential concepts critical for understanding drug interactions and safety in clinical settings.
