Pharmacology: Antibiotics and Infections

Infections

• Community-associated infections vs Health care–associated infections: two types of infections that occur in different settings.

Antibiotic Therapy

• Can lead to Superinfection, Allergic reactions, and severe reactions.

Sulfonamides

• Indications: used to treat various infections.
• Adverse Effects: include allergic reactions, nausea, and vomiting.

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

Natural Penicillins

• Penicillin G: used to treat streptococcal infections.
• Penicillin V: used to treat mild to moderate infections.

Penicillinase-resistant drugs

• Nafcillin: used to treat methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infections.
• Cloxacillin: used to treat skin and soft tissue infections.
• Oxacillin: used to treat staphylococcal infections.
• Dicloxacillin: used to treat skin and soft tissue infections.

Aminopenicillins

• Amoxicillin: used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis.
• Ampicillin: used to treat bacterial infections such as meningitis and sepsis.

Extended-spectrum drugs

• Carbenicillin: used to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.
• Piperacillin: used to treat severe infections such as sepsis and pneumonia.
• Ticarcillin: used to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.

Penicillins

• Contraindications: allergic reactions, viral infections, and mild infections.
• Adverse Effects: allergic reactions, diarrhea, and nausea.
• Interactions: can interact with medications such as warfarin and probenecid.
• Patient education: inform patients about the importance of completing the full treatment course.

Cephalosporins

• Can be grouped into different generations, with each generation having a broader spectrum of activity.
• Patient education: inform patients about the importance of reporting any allergic reactions.

Carbapenems

• Imipenem/cilastatin (Primaxin): used to treat severe infections such as sepsis and pneumonia.
• Meropenem (Merrem): used to treat severe infections such as meningitis and sepsis.
• Ertapenem (Invanz): used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis.
• Doripenem (Doribax): used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and urinary tract infections.

Macrolides

• Erythromycin (E-mycin, E.E.S, others): used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis.
• Azithromycin (Zithromax): used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis.
• Clarithromycin (Biaxin): used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis.
• Fidaxomicin (Dificid): used to treat Clostridioides difficile infections.
• Indications: used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis.
• Interactions: can interact with medications such as warfarin and digoxin.
• Adverse Effects: include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Tetracyclines

• Demeclocycline (Declomycin): used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis.
• Oxytetracycline (Terramycin): used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis.
• Tetracycline: used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis.
• Doxycycline (Doryx, Vibramycin): used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis.
• Minocycline (Minocin): used to treat bacterial infections such as acne and rosacea.
• Tigecycline (Tygacil): used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and skin infections.
• Patient education: inform patients about the importance of taking the medication with water and avoiding milk products.
• Interactions: can interact with medications such as warfarin and digoxin.
• Adverse Effects: include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Aminoglycosides

• Gentamicin: used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and meningitis.
• Neomycin (Neo-Fradin): used to treat bacterial infections such as skin and soft tissue infections.
• Tobramycin (TOBI): used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and cystic fibrosis.
• Amikacin: used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and meningitis.
• Adverse Effects: include ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.

Quinolones

• Ciprofloxacin (Cipro): used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and urinary tract infections.
• Norfloxacin (Noroxin): used to treat bacterial infections such as urinary tract infections.
• Levofloxacin (Levaquin): used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis.
• Moxifloxacin (Avelox): used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis.
• Gemifloxacin (Factive): used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis.
• Delafloxacin (Baxdela): used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and skin infections.
• Indications: used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and urinary tract infections.
• Interactions: can interact with medications such as warfarin and digoxin.
• Adverse Effects: include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Miscellaneous Antibiotics

• Metronidazole (Flagyl): used to treat parasitic infections such as giardiasis and amoebiasis.
• Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin): used to treat urinary tract infections.
• Vancomycin: used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and skin infections.
• Indications: used to treat bacterial infections such as pneumonia and skin infections.