Questions and Answers
What is the main difference between community-associated infections and health care–associated infections?
The location where the infection was acquired
Which of the following beta-lactam antibiotics is resistant to penicillinase?
Nafcillin
What is the primary indication for the use of sulfonamides?
Urinary tract infections
Which generation of cephalosporins includes cefoxitin?
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What is the primary use of carbapenems?
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What is a common adverse effect of penicillin therapy?
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Which antibiotic is classified as a macrolide?
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Which antibiotic is used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections, including respiratory, skin, and urinary tract infections?
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Which antibiotic has an adverse effect of ototoxicity?
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Which antibiotic is used to treat pseudomembranous colitis?
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Which antibiotic is classified as a tetracycline?
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Which antibiotic has an adverse effect ofClostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of sulfonamides?
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Which of the following beta-lactam antibiotics is classified as an extended-spectrum drug?
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What is the primary indication for the use of carbapenems?
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Which of the following cephalosporins is classified as a fourth-generation drug?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of penicillin?
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Which of the following antibiotics is often used to treat infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
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Which macrolide antibiotic is used to treat Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea?
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What is a unique patient education consideration for tetracyclines?
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Which aminoglycoside antibiotic is available in an inhaled form?
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What is the primary indication for the use of metronidazole?
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Which quinolone antibiotic is used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections, including respiratory and urinary tract infections?
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What is a common adverse effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics?
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Which antibiotic is classified as a tetracycline and is used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections, including respiratory and skin infections?
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What is a unique patient education consideration for azithromycin?
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Which of the following antibiotics is available in an oral and inhaled form?
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What is the primary indication for the use of fidaxomicin?
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Which of the following quinolone antibiotics is used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections, including respiratory and urinary tract infections?
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What is a common adverse effect of tetracyclines?
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Which of the following antibiotics is used to treat pseudomembranous colitis?
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What is a common adverse effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-lactam antibiotics?
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Which of the following antibiotics is not classified as a carbapenem?
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What is a common adverse effect of sulfonamide antibiotics?
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Which of the following antibiotics is not a beta-lactam antibiotic?
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What is the primary indication for the use of nafcillin?
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Which of the following cephalosporins is classified as a third-generation drug?
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Study Notes
Infections
- Community-associated infections vs Health care–associated infections are two types of infections with different prevention strategies.
Antibiotic Therapy
- Superinfection is a potential complication of antibiotic therapy.
- Allergic reactions to antibiotics can occur, with severe reactions including anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Sulfonamides
- Sulfonamides are bacteriostatic antibiotics used to treat pneumonia, meningitis, and urinary tract infections.
- Adverse effects of sulfonamides include allergic reactions, crystalluria, and kernicterus.
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
- Natural penicillin’s:
- Penicillin G is effective against gram-positive bacteria and used to treat pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis.
- Penicillin V is used to treat strep throat and skin infections.
- Penicillinase-resistant drugs:
- Nafcillin, Cloxacillin, Oxacillin, and Dicloxacillin are used to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections.
- Aminopenicillins:
- Amoxicillin and Ampicillin are used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin.
- Extended-spectrum drugs:
- Carbenicillin, Piperacillin, and Ticarcillin are used to treat infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacteria.
Penicillin’s
- Contraindications include allergy to penicillin, lactation, and certain infections.
- Adverse effects include allergic reactions, diarrhea, and nausea.
- Interactions include probenecid, aspirin, and warfarin.
- Patient education topics include allergic reactions, dosage, and medication administration.
Cephalosporins
- Cephalosporins can be grouped by generation (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th).
- Patient education regarding interactions with warfarin, aminoglycosides, and probenecid.
Carbapenems
- Imipenem/cilastatin (Primaxin), Meropenem (Merrem), Ertapenem (Invanz), and Doripenem (Doribax) are used to treat infections caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
- Indications include pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis.
Macrolides
- Erythromycin (E-mycin, E.E.S, others), Azithromycin (Zithromax), and Clarithromycin (Biaxin) are used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, skin, and soft tissue.
- Fidaxomicin (Dificid) is used to treat Clostridioides difficile infections.
- Indications include pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinusitis.
- Interactions include warfarin, theophylline, and digoxin.
- Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Tetracyclines
- Demeclocycline (Declomycin), Oxytetracycline (Terramycin), Tetracycline, Doxycycline (Doryx, Vibramycin), and Minocycline (Minocin) are used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, skin, and urinary tract.
- Indications include acne, Lyme disease, and chlamydial infections.
- Patient education topics include allergic reactions, photosensitivity, and medication administration.
- Interactions include antacids, warfarin, and diuretics.
- Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Aminoglycosides
- Gentamicin, Neomycin (Neo-Fradin), Tobramycin (TOBI), and Amikacin are used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, skin, and urinary tract.
- Adverse effects include ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade.
Quinolones
- Ciprofloxacin (Cipro), Norfloxacin (Noroxin), Levofloxacin (Levaquin), Moxifloxacin (Avelox), Gemifloxacin (Factive), and Delafloxacin (Baxdela) are used to treat infections of the urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin.
- Indications include pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinusitis.
- Interactions include warfarin, theophylline, and antacids.
- Adverse effects include tendon rupture and QT prolongation.
Miscellaneous Antibiotics
- Metronidazole (Flagyl) is used to treat infections of the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, and skin.
- Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin) is used to treat urinary tract infections.
- Vancomycin is used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, skin, and urinary tract.
- Indications include MRSA infections and Clostridioides difficile infections.
Nursing Implications
- All antibiotics require patient education on allergic reactions, dosage, and medication administration.
- Nurses should monitor patients for adverse effects, interactions, and contraindications.
- Appropriate antibiotic selection and administration are critical to effective treatment and prevention of antibiotic resistance.
Infections
- Community-associated infections vs Health care–associated infections are two types of infections with different prevention strategies.
Antibiotic Therapy
- Superinfection is a potential complication of antibiotic therapy.
- Allergic reactions to antibiotics can occur, with severe reactions including anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Sulfonamides
- Sulfonamides are bacteriostatic antibiotics used to treat pneumonia, meningitis, and urinary tract infections.
- Adverse effects of sulfonamides include allergic reactions, crystalluria, and kernicterus.
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
- Natural penicillin’s:
- Penicillin G is effective against gram-positive bacteria and used to treat pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis.
- Penicillin V is used to treat strep throat and skin infections.
- Penicillinase-resistant drugs:
- Nafcillin, Cloxacillin, Oxacillin, and Dicloxacillin are used to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections.
- Aminopenicillins:
- Amoxicillin and Ampicillin are used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin.
- Extended-spectrum drugs:
- Carbenicillin, Piperacillin, and Ticarcillin are used to treat infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacteria.
Penicillin’s
- Contraindications include allergy to penicillin, lactation, and certain infections.
- Adverse effects include allergic reactions, diarrhea, and nausea.
- Interactions include probenecid, aspirin, and warfarin.
- Patient education topics include allergic reactions, dosage, and medication administration.
Cephalosporins
- Cephalosporins can be grouped by generation (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th).
- Patient education regarding interactions with warfarin, aminoglycosides, and probenecid.
Carbapenems
- Imipenem/cilastatin (Primaxin), Meropenem (Merrem), Ertapenem (Invanz), and Doripenem (Doribax) are used to treat infections caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
- Indications include pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis.
Macrolides
- Erythromycin (E-mycin, E.E.S, others), Azithromycin (Zithromax), and Clarithromycin (Biaxin) are used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, skin, and soft tissue.
- Fidaxomicin (Dificid) is used to treat Clostridioides difficile infections.
- Indications include pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinusitis.
- Interactions include warfarin, theophylline, and digoxin.
- Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Tetracyclines
- Demeclocycline (Declomycin), Oxytetracycline (Terramycin), Tetracycline, Doxycycline (Doryx, Vibramycin), and Minocycline (Minocin) are used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, skin, and urinary tract.
- Indications include acne, Lyme disease, and chlamydial infections.
- Patient education topics include allergic reactions, photosensitivity, and medication administration.
- Interactions include antacids, warfarin, and diuretics.
- Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Aminoglycosides
- Gentamicin, Neomycin (Neo-Fradin), Tobramycin (TOBI), and Amikacin are used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, skin, and urinary tract.
- Adverse effects include ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade.
Quinolones
- Ciprofloxacin (Cipro), Norfloxacin (Noroxin), Levofloxacin (Levaquin), Moxifloxacin (Avelox), Gemifloxacin (Factive), and Delafloxacin (Baxdela) are used to treat infections of the urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin.
- Indications include pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinusitis.
- Interactions include warfarin, theophylline, and antacids.
- Adverse effects include tendon rupture and QT prolongation.
Miscellaneous Antibiotics
- Metronidazole (Flagyl) is used to treat infections of the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, and skin.
- Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin) is used to treat urinary tract infections.
- Vancomycin is used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, skin, and urinary tract.
- Indications include MRSA infections and Clostridioides difficile infections.
Nursing Implications
- All antibiotics require patient education on allergic reactions, dosage, and medication administration.
- Nurses should monitor patients for adverse effects, interactions, and contraindications.
- Appropriate antibiotic selection and administration are critical to effective treatment and prevention of antibiotic resistance.
Infections
- Community-associated infections vs Health care–associated infections are two types of infections with different prevention strategies.
Antibiotic Therapy
- Superinfection is a potential complication of antibiotic therapy.
- Allergic reactions to antibiotics can occur, with severe reactions including anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Sulfonamides
- Sulfonamides are bacteriostatic antibiotics used to treat pneumonia, meningitis, and urinary tract infections.
- Adverse effects of sulfonamides include allergic reactions, crystalluria, and kernicterus.
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
- Natural penicillin’s:
- Penicillin G is effective against gram-positive bacteria and used to treat pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis.
- Penicillin V is used to treat strep throat and skin infections.
- Penicillinase-resistant drugs:
- Nafcillin, Cloxacillin, Oxacillin, and Dicloxacillin are used to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections.
- Aminopenicillins:
- Amoxicillin and Ampicillin are used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin.
- Extended-spectrum drugs:
- Carbenicillin, Piperacillin, and Ticarcillin are used to treat infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacteria.
Penicillin’s
- Contraindications include allergy to penicillin, lactation, and certain infections.
- Adverse effects include allergic reactions, diarrhea, and nausea.
- Interactions include probenecid, aspirin, and warfarin.
- Patient education topics include allergic reactions, dosage, and medication administration.
Cephalosporins
- Cephalosporins can be grouped by generation (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th).
- Patient education regarding interactions with warfarin, aminoglycosides, and probenecid.
Carbapenems
- Imipenem/cilastatin (Primaxin), Meropenem (Merrem), Ertapenem (Invanz), and Doripenem (Doribax) are used to treat infections caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
- Indications include pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis.
Macrolides
- Erythromycin (E-mycin, E.E.S, others), Azithromycin (Zithromax), and Clarithromycin (Biaxin) are used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, skin, and soft tissue.
- Fidaxomicin (Dificid) is used to treat Clostridioides difficile infections.
- Indications include pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinusitis.
- Interactions include warfarin, theophylline, and digoxin.
- Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Tetracyclines
- Demeclocycline (Declomycin), Oxytetracycline (Terramycin), Tetracycline, Doxycycline (Doryx, Vibramycin), and Minocycline (Minocin) are used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, skin, and urinary tract.
- Indications include acne, Lyme disease, and chlamydial infections.
- Patient education topics include allergic reactions, photosensitivity, and medication administration.
- Interactions include antacids, warfarin, and diuretics.
- Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Aminoglycosides
- Gentamicin, Neomycin (Neo-Fradin), Tobramycin (TOBI), and Amikacin are used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, skin, and urinary tract.
- Adverse effects include ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade.
Quinolones
- Ciprofloxacin (Cipro), Norfloxacin (Noroxin), Levofloxacin (Levaquin), Moxifloxacin (Avelox), Gemifloxacin (Factive), and Delafloxacin (Baxdela) are used to treat infections of the urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin.
- Indications include pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinusitis.
- Interactions include warfarin, theophylline, and antacids.
- Adverse effects include tendon rupture and QT prolongation.
Miscellaneous Antibiotics
- Metronidazole (Flagyl) is used to treat infections of the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, and skin.
- Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin) is used to treat urinary tract infections.
- Vancomycin is used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, skin, and urinary tract.
- Indications include MRSA infections and Clostridioides difficile infections.
Nursing Implications
- All antibiotics require patient education on allergic reactions, dosage, and medication administration.
- Nurses should monitor patients for adverse effects, interactions, and contraindications.
- Appropriate antibiotic selection and administration are critical to effective treatment and prevention of antibiotic resistance.
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