Antibiotics and Bacterial Infections Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of bacterial infections are indicated for use of natural penicillins?

  • Anthrax and gas gangrene (correct)
  • Skin infections caused by fungi
  • Genital infections
  • Upper respiratory tract infections

    • What is the primary use of aminopenicillins?

  • Prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis
  • Infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Managing meningitis with H.influenzae (correct)
  • Treating syphilis

    • Which aminoglycosides are commonly used in combination with carboxypenicillins for nosocomial infections?

  • Streptomycin and tetracycline
  • Neomycin and spectinomycin
  • Gentamicin and amikacin (correct)
  • Chloramphenicol and erythromycin

    • Which of the following is a common indication for semisynthetic penicillins?

    <p>Community-acquired pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the use of oxacillin group semisynthetic penicillins?

    <p>Management of infections resistant to benzylpenicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria do aminoglycosides primarily target?

    <p>Gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection is treated with natural penicillins in high doses as monotherapy?

    <p>Meningococcal meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is associated with the use of aminoglycosides in combination with carboxypenicillins?

    <p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary indication for Cefazolin?

    <p>Surgical prophylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial infection is Ceftriaxone indicated for?

    <p>Acute otitis media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is Ceftazidime mainly used to treat?

    <p>Infections caused by Pseudomonas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which generation of cephalosporins is Cefixime classified under?

    <p>Third generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cefoperazone is primarily utilized for treating what types of infections?

    <p>Severe outpatient infections of various localizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cephalexin is an alternative treatment for which condition?

    <p>Streptococcal tonsillitis and pharyngitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the suggested usages for second generation cephalosporins in parenteral forms?

    <p>Urinary tract infections requiring hospitalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which infection type is Cefixime indicated?

    <p>Pyelonephritis in pregnant women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of long-term treatment with high doses of tetracyclines in children?

    <p>Inhibition of bone growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is specifically associated with photosensitivity due to tetracyclines?

    <p>Phototoxic reactions with fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may result from the combination of tetracyclines and diuretics?

    <p>Nitrogen retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disorder linked to nephrotoxic effects of tetracyclines?

    <p>Fanconi syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key reason why tetracyclines are contraindicated in pregnant women?

    <p>Hepato-renal failure and jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of discoloration can tetracyclines cause in developing teeth?

    <p>Brown coloration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is most likely from the intravenous administration of tetracyclines?

    <p>Venous thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary indication for chloramphenicol use?

    <p>Severe brain abscesses caused by sensitive microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect associated with amphenicols?

    <p>Headaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common gastrointestinal adverse effect associated with tetracyclines?

    <p>Superinfections including candida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition might chloramphenicol be used as an alternative treatment?

    <p>Brucellosis when tetracyclines are contraindicated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following severe infections is chloramphenicol indicated for?

    <p>Pneumonia caused by H.influenzae in adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential neurological adverse effect of amphenicols?

    <p>Optic neuritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is specifically mentioned as being susceptible to chloramphenicol treatment?

    <p>Salmonella paratyphi A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is a risk factor for hemolytic anemia when using amphenicols?

    <p>Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of gray baby syndrome linked to chloramphenicol?

    <p>Cyanosis with gray skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT treated with ansamycins?

    <p>Viral meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of ansamycins?

    <p>Hyperbilirubinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infections are glycopeptides commonly used to treat?

    <p>Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In combination with which antibiotic is glycopeptide used for treating infective endocarditis caused by E.faecalis?

    <p>Gentamicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a recommended use of ansamycins?

    <p>Treatment of pseudomembranous colitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is associated with ansamycins rather than glycopeptides?

    <p>Interstitial nephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection is NOT typically treated with glycopeptides?

    <p>Clostridium difficile infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an indication for the use of ansamycins?

    <p>Prophylaxis of meningococcal meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT treated with Lincosamides?

    <p>Severe infections with gram-negative bacilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main adverse reactions associated with Aminoglycosides?

    <p>Nephrotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is indicated for tuberculosis treatment among the Aminoglycosides?

    <p>Streptomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection is treated with Lincosamides in association with pyrimethamine?

    <p>Toxoplasmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lesions can Aminoglycosides cause?

    <p>Cochlear and vestibular lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which combination is NOT commonly used for enterococcal infections?

    <p>Aminoglycosides with cephalosporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skin condition can Lincosamides be used to treat topically?

    <p>Acne vulgaris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk of Aminoglycoside use in patients with fever and leukopenia?

    <p>Higher risk of nephrotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Antibiotics

    • Antibiotics are natural byproducts of fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria, or semisynthetic/synthetic derivatives that selectively kill or inhibit bacterial growth in a diluted form.

    Beta-Lactama Antibiotics

    • Biosynthetic Penicillins:

    • Benzylpenicillin

    • Benzathine benzylpenicillin (extencilline, retarpen)

    • Procaine benzylpenicillin (bicilinele)

    • Phenoxymethylpenicillin (ospen)

    • Semisynthetic Penicillins:

    • Isozaxolyl penicillin (antistaphylococcal antibiotics)

    • oxacillin

    • cloxacillin

    • flucloxacillin

    • dicloxacillin

    • nafcillin

    • Aminopenicillins:

    • ampicillin

    • amoxicillin

    • Carboxypenicillins:

    • Carbenicillin

    • Carfecillin

    • Carindacillin

    • Ticarcillin

    • Ureidopenicillins:

    • Mezlocillin

    • Azlocillin

    • Piperacillin

    • Other Beta-lactams:

    • Mecillinam

    • Pivmecillinam

    • Temocillin

    Cephalosporins

    • First-generation:

    • Cefazolin

    • Cefalexin

    • Cefadroxil

    • Second-generation:

    • Cefaclor

    • Cefuroxime

    • Cefamandole

    • Cefotetan

    • Cefotiam

    • Cefonicid

    • Cefoxitin

    • Loracarbef

    • Third-generation:

    • Ceftriaxone

    • Cefotaxime

    • Ceftazidime

    • Cefoperazone

    • Cefodizime

    • Ceftizoxime

    • Cefsulodin

    • Latamoxef

    • Fourth-generation:

    • Cefepime

    • Cefpirome

    • Fifth-generation:

    • Ceftobiprole

    • Ceftaroline

    • Ceftolozane

    • Cefditoren

    Other Antibiotic Classes

    • Aminoglycosides:

    • Generation I: Streptomycin, Neomycin, Kanamycin, Paromomycin

    • Generation II: Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Sisomicin

    • Generation III: Amikacin, Netilmicin, Isepamicin

    • Lincosamides:

    • Clindamycin

    • Lincomycin

    • Macrolides:

    • With 14-membered lactone rings: erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, flurithromycin, davercin

    • With 15-membered lactone rings (azalides): azithromycin

    • With 16-membered lactone rings: spiramycin, josamycin, midecamycin, rokitamycin

    • Ketolides: telithromycin

    • Tetracyclines:

    • Generation I: Tetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Rolitetracycline

    • Generation II: Doxycycline, Metacycline, Minocycline

    • Amphenicols:

    • Chloramphenicol

    • Chloramphenicol hemisuccinate

    • Tiamphenicol

    • Polymyxins:

    • Polymyxin M

    • Colistin

    • Ansamycins:

    • Rifampicin

    • Rifaximin

    • Rifamycin

    • Rifabutin

    • Glycopeptides:

    • Vancomycin

    • Ristomycin

    • Teicoplanin

    • Lipoglycopeptides: Dalbavancin, oritavancin, telavancin, daptomycin

    • Others:

    • Nystatin

    • Levorin

    • Amphotericin B

    • Griseofulvin

    • Natamycin

    • Cycloserine

    • Capreomycin

    • Fosfomycin

    • Fuzafungine

    • Bacitracin

    • Mupirocin

    • Gramicidin

    • Fusidic acid

    Classification of Antibiotics by Mechanism of Action

    • I. Cell wall inhibitors: Beta-lactams, glycopeptides
    • II. Membrane-active antibiotics: Polymyxins
    • III. Protein synthesis inhibitors (30S subunit): Tetracyclines
    • III. Protein synthesis inhibitors (50S subunit): Chloramphenicol, macrolides, lincosamides
    • IV. Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors: Ansamycins

    Classification according to Spectrum of Action

    • I. More potent influence on gram-positive flora
    • II. More potent influence on gram-negative flora
    • III. Broad spectrum
    • IV. Ultra-broad spectrum

    Classification According to Bactericidal/Bacteriostatic Effects

    • I. Bactericidal (irreversible intoxication of microbial germs)

    • II. Bacteriostatic (inhibition of germs multiplication)

    Indications for Combination Antibiotic Therapy

    • Empirical treatment: Unknown pathogen
    • Polymicrobial infections
    • Potentiation of the antibacterial effect: certain pathogens
    • Prevention of bacterial resistance

    Combination Antibiotic Therapy

    • Most effective and recommended: Beta-lactams + aminoglycosides
    • Allowed for spectrum extension:
    • Beta-lactamics + macrolides, lincosamides
    • Aminoglycosides + fluoroquinolones
    • Macrolides, lincosamides + fluoroquinolones
    • Tetracyclines + chloramphenicol + macrolides
    • Tetracyclines + chloramphenicol + fluoroquinolones
    • Aminoglycosides + tetracyclines
    • Beta-lactams + fluoroquinolones
    • Antagonistic combinations (not recommended)
    • Prohibited combinations

    Adverse Reactions of Antibiotics

    • Site of administration: oral, i/m; i/v
    • Toxic: nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, ototoxicity
    • Allergic: general, cutaneous-mucous, pulmonary
    • Biological: dysmicrobisms, superinfections
    • Bacteriological: Herxheimer's Phenomenon
    • Metabolic: dysmetabolism, vitamin deficiency
    • Embryo/fetotoxicity: in newborns & children
    • Immunological Interference: relapses, reinfections, chronicity
    • Drug interactions: with solvents & other antibiotics
    • Other: "Red Man Syndrome"

    Microbial Resistance

    • Natural and acquired: Streptomycin, Penicillin
    • Mechanisms of resistance
    • Enzyme production
    • Altered permeability
    • Change in action site of the antibiotic
    • Enzyme modification
    • Efflux pumps.

    Ways to Decrease Bacterial Resistance

    • Use new enzyme-resistant antibiotics
    • Synthesis of bacterial enzymes to inactivate substances
    • Synthesis of new classes of antibiotics
    • Use higher doses
    • Exclusion of antibiotic use for a period
    • Prohibition of unjustified antibiotic use

    WHO Pathogens with Dangerous Resistance

    • I. Very high: Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Enterobacteria
    • II. High degree: Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Helicobacter, Campylobacter, Salmonella
    • III. Moderate: Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Shigella

    Antistaphylococcal Antibiotics

    • Sensitive to methicillin: Ist-line: oxacillin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin
    • Reserve group: Vancomycin, IIIrd-IVth generation cephalosporins
    • Resistant to methicillin: Ist line: Vancomycin
    • Reserve group: teicoplanin, fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin)

    Antibiotics Effective in Gram-Negative Infections

    • Pseudomonas: Ist-line: antipseudomonas penicillins, cephalosporins, third/fourth generation penicillins

    • Hemophilus influenzae: Ist-line: Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cloramfenicol, amoxicillin-clavulanate

    • Enterobacter: Ist-line: Aminoglycosides, imipenem, extended spectrum penicillin

    • Proteus, vulgaris: Ist -line: aminoglycosides; IIIrd generation cephalosporins

    • Serratia: Ist-line: Imipenem, cefoxitin, cefotetan or cefalosporin gen III

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    Antibiotics Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on antibiotics, focusing on various types of penicillins, their indications, and combinations with aminoglycosides. This quiz covers important details about bacterial infections and the role of cephalosporins in treatment. Perfect for students in pharmacology or healthcare fields!

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