Antibiotics and Bacterial Infections Quiz

Bacteria that stain purple in the Gram stain and are spherical in shape.

Bacteria that stain pink in the Gram stain, spherical in shape.

A class of antibiotics that are effective against various bacteria, often used in combination.

Antibiotics effective against many types of bacteria, especially Gram-positive bacteria.

Modified penicillins that are effective against a wider range of bacteria, including some resistant to natural penicillins.

Antibiotics that are effective against a wide variety of bacteria.

Infections acquired in a hospital or clinical setting.

Specific types of infections that penicillin treats effectively.

It is used for surgical prophylaxis, skin and soft tissue infections, and respiratory and urinary tract infections, although its use for the latter is limited due to resistance.

It is used for streptococcal tonsillitis and pharyngitis, mild and moderate outpatient skin and soft tissue infections.

Used for outpatient pneumonia needing hospitalization, skin and soft tissue outpatient infections, urinary tract infections (moderate and severe pyelonephritis) and surgical prophylaxis.

Used for upper and lower respiratory tract infections (otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis), and urinary tract infections (pyelonephritis, cystitis)

Used for gonorrhea, acute otitis media (ceftriaxone).

Used for severe infections like lower respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, bone and joint infections, intra-abdominal infections, pelvic infections, salmonellosis, meningitis, and sepsis.

Used for severe outpatient and nosocomial infections caused by Pseudomonas or Acinetobacter, infections due to neutropenia and immunodeficiency.

Used for urinary tract infections, as oral therapy for severe infections after initial parenteral treatment, and some upper and lower respiratory tract infections.

High doses of tetracyclines can cause hepatic steatosis (fatty liver) and, in severe cases, liver necrosis.

Tetracyclines, especially natural ones, can cause nephrotoxicity, leading to Fanconi syndrome, characterized by proximal tubulopathy with symptoms like polyuria, polydipsia, proteinuria, aminoaciduria, glucosuria, acidosis, nausea, and vomiting.

Tetracyclines accumulate in calcified tissues, forming chelates with calcium orthophosphate. This deposition can inhibit bone growth in children (irreversible with long-term high doses) and cause teeth discoloration (brown) with enamel hypoplasia.

Tetracyclines are contraindicated in pregnant women and children under 8 years old (sometimes up to 12 years) due to their potential to affect bone growth, teeth development, and cerebrospinal fluid pressure.

Tetracyclines can cause photosensitization, making individuals more sensitive to sunlight and ultraviolet rays, often leading to skin reactions and sometimes accompanied by high fever.

Tetracycline use can lead to vestibular disorders, causing dizziness, nausea, and vomiting.

Tetracyclines can cause local toxicity, including venous thrombosis with intravenous administration and painful irritation with intramuscular injection.

Tetracycline can also cause various other adverse effects, including superinfections (e.g., Candida mycosis, staphylococcal and pseudomembranous enteritis), anti-anabolic effects, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia (long-term treatment), and allergic reactions (e.g., dermatitis, Quincke's edema, fever, anaphylactoid reactions).

Lincosamides are a class of antibiotics used to treat various bacterial infections like streptococcal tonsillitis, lower respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, bone and joint infections, intra-abdominal infections, pelvic infections, and certain parasitic infections.

A serious potential side effect of Lincosamides is pseudomembranous colitis, an inflammation of the colon caused by Clostridium difficile bacteria.

Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics commonly used in combination therapies for severe infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria.

Aminoglycosides are often combined with other antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins, and vancomycin to treat infections caused by bacteria resistant to individual antibiotics.

Aminoglycosides can cause serious side effects like ototoxicity (damage to the ears) and nephrotoxicity (damage to the kidneys).

Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic primarily used to treat tuberculosis, tularemia, brucellosis, and plague.

Aminoglycosides like neomycin and kanamycin can be used in combination with erythromycin to decontaminate the intestine before procedures on the large intestine.

Aminoglycosides cause damage to the epithelium of the cochlear and vestibular nerve, leading to hearing loss (cochlear damage) and balance issues (vestibular damage).

Chloramphenicol is a reserve antibiotic for serious infections when other options are ineffective or contraindicated. It's used for conditions like brain abscesses caused by Bacteroides fragilis, typhoid fever, meningitis, and some pneumonias.

Chloramphenicol can cause serious side effects, including bone marrow suppression leading to anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. In rare cases, it can cause aplastic anemia, a life-threatening condition.

A rare but serious side effect of chloramphenicol in newborns, characterized by symptoms like vomiting, cyanosis, and lethargy. It's due to the drug's accumulation in the body.

Ansamycins are a class of antibiotics effective against various bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, atypical mycobacteria, gram-positive cocci (e.g., staphylococci, streptococci), and gram-negative cocci.

Ansamycins are effective against gram-positive cocci such as staphylococci (including methicillin-resistant strains), pneumococci (poly-resistant strains), and streptococci.

Ansamycins target gram-negative cocci like meningococci and gonococci. They are also effective against gram-positive bacilli, including Clostridium spp. and Bacillus anthracis.

Ansamycins are particularly effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteria, which cause infections like tuberculosis.

Ansamycins are effective against gram-positive bacilli like Clostridium spp., which cause diseases like tetanus and botulism, and Bacillus anthracis, the cause of anthrax.

Ansamycins are a class of antibiotics used to treat various infections like tuberculosis, leprosy, staphylococcal infections, brucellosis, Legionella pneumonia, and as prophylaxis for meningococcal meningitis. They are often combined with other drugs.

Ansamycins can cause side effects such as liver damage (hepatotoxicity), digestive problems (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), allergic reactions (hives, swelling), neurological issues (headache, dizziness, confusion), kidney problems (interstitial nephritis), and immune-related reactions (low platelet count, anemia).

Glycopeptides are important antibiotics particularly effective against resistant Staph infections (MRSA), Enterococci, Bacilli, and certain meningitis-causing bacteria. They are also used for prevention of surgical site infections.

Glycopeptides are a crucial treatment option for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, especially when other antibiotics fail. They are often combined with other drugs for optimal effectiveness.

Glycopeptides are used for severe infections caused by Enterococcus spp., a type of bacteria known for causing various infections, particularly in hospitals.

Glycopeptides are used in treatment of infective endocarditis (heart valve infection) caused by specific bacteria, especially when patients are allergic to penicillin-based antibiotics. They can be combined with other drugs like gentamicin for better results.

Glycopeptides are used empirically for severe infections when the cause is suspected to be staphylococcal. This includes endocarditis, catheter-related infections, meningitis, and neutropenic fever.

Glycopeptides are also used orally for C. difficile-related colitis, surgical site infection prevention, and as prophylaxis for infective endocarditis in high-risk patients.