Pharmacology: Antibiotics and Cephalosporins
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Which of the following antibiotics is NOT listed as an example of penicillin derivatives?

  • Mezlocillin
  • Carbenicillin
  • Cefuroxime (correct)
  • Piperacillin

    • Cephalosporins are generally ineffective against gram-positive bacteria.

    False

    What is the mechanism of action for cephalosporins?

    They interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis.

    Cefaclor is an example of a _________ generation cephalosporin.

    <p>second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of bactericidal drugs?

    <p>Kill the bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cephalosporins with their generation:

    <p>Cefazolin = First Generation Cefuroxime = Second Generation Cefradine = First Generation Cefoxitin = Second Generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acquired resistance occurs without prior exposure to an antibacterial drug.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can influence the effectiveness of cephalosporins?

    <p>Tissue concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypersensitivity reactions are a common side effect of penicillin derivatives.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a broad-spectrum antibiotic.

    <p>Tetracycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ reaction to antibacterial drugs may include symptoms such as rash, hives, or anaphylactic shock.

    <p>hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cephalosporin crosses the placenta and is used in treating meningitis?

    <p>Cefuroxime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of bacteria to their respective antibiotic spectrum:

    <p>Penicillin = Narrow spectrum Tetracycline = Broad spectrum Erythromycin = Narrow spectrum Cephalosporins = Broad spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of superinfection during antibiotic therapy?

    <p>Disturbance of normal microbial flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A culture and sensitivity test is performed to identify the effectiveness of a specific antibacterial drug.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibiotic is primarily effective against one type of organism?

    <p>Narrow spectrum antibiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tetracyclines can be taken on an empty stomach?

    <p>All except Doxycycline and Minocycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Minocycline can irreversibly discolor the permanent teeth of children younger than 8 years old.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of tetracyclines?

    <p>nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aminoglycosides are primarily used against gram - ______ such as E.coli.

    <p>bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each aminoglycoside with its characteristic:

    <p>Gentamicin = Used for serious infections Neomycin = Bowel antiseptic Amikacin = Effective against resistant strains Streptomycin = Treatment for tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What possible adverse reaction can occur with high doses of aminoglycosides?

    <p>Nephrotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quinolones are effective against only gram-negative organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of quinolones?

    <p>Interfering with DNA gyrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of Pyrantel in treating nematodes?

    <p>Blocks acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Praziquantel is effective against nematodes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is commonly associated with Niclosamide?

    <p>Malaise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Before drug therapy, it is important to collect ______ from patients.

    <p>specimens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the drug to its primary usage:

    <p>Pyrantel = Nematodes Praziquantel = Trematodes and Cestodes Niclosamide = Cestodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is introduced in 1971 and is used against Neisseria gonorrhea?

    <p>Spectinomycin HCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is effective against influenza A but not influenza B?

    <p>Amantidine HCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood dyscrasias are adverse effects related to penicillin use.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should clients who are allergic to penicillin do for safety?

    <p>Wear a medic alert bracelet or necklace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antacids should be taken with sulfonamides to enhance absorption.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Imipenem with Cilastatin Na is effective against gram ______ bacteria, including staph and pseudomonas.

    <p>positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug is Ribavirin used to treat?

    <p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in children and respiratory infections caused by influenza A and B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the antibiotic class with its nursing responsibility:

    <p>Penicillin = Monitor liver function Macrolides = Check for ototoxicity Aminoglycosides = Administer IV over 30-45 mins Cephalosporins = Administer oral penicillin pre-meals or post-meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antiviral drugs prevent the _____ of the virus by inhibiting its replication.

    <p>replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended duration for completing a prescribed course of antibiotic therapy?

    <p>5-10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the antiviral drugs with their corresponding conditions:

    <p>Acyclovir = Genital herpes simplex I and II Amantidine HCl = Influenza A Vidarabine = Herpes simplex type I Ribavirin = Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tetracyclines should be stored in extreme heat and light.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is common to Acyclovir and Vidarabine?

    <p>CNS disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Photosensitivity is a concern during the last trimester of pregnancy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nursing action should be taken to prevent crystalluria in clients taking sulfonamides?

    <p>Administer the drug with extra fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the side effects associated with Amantidine HCl?

    <p>CNS effects such as insomnia, depression, anxiety, confusion, and GIT disturbances like anorexia, nausea, and diarrhea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anti-Infective/Antibacterial Drugs

    • Substances that inhibit or kill bacteria
    • Bacteriostatic drugs inhibit bacterial growth
    • Bactericidal drugs kill bacteria

    Mechanism of Antibacterial Action

    • Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis
    • Alteration of membrane permeability
    • Inhibition of protein synthesis
    • Interference with metabolism

    Resistance to Antibacterial Drugs

    • Natural/Inherent Resistance: Occurs without prior exposure to the drug (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance to penicillin G)
    • Acquired Resistance: Develops due to prior exposure to the drug

    Narrow and Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

    • Narrow Spectrum: Primarily effective against one type of organism (e.g., penicillin and erythromycin for gram-positive bacteria)
    • Broad Spectrum: Effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms (e.g., tetracycline and cephalosporins)

    General Adverse Reactions to Antibacterials

    • Allergies/Hypersensitivity: Mild reactions (rash, hives) to severe reactions (anaphylactic shock)
    • Superinfections: Occur when normal microbial flora is disturbed during antibiotic therapy; often associated with broad-spectrum antibiotics

    Penicillins

    • Natural antibacterial agent derived from the mold Penicillium
    • Considered a "miracle drug" during WWII
    • Various types, including penicillin G (poorly absorbed orally), penicillin V (less potent, orally administered), and benzathine penicillin G (long-acting, injected)

    Broad Spectrum Penicillins

    • Effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
    • Costlier than penicillin
    • Examples include ampicillin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin-sulbactam (Unasyn)

    Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins

    • Effective against penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus aureus
    • Examples include cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin, nafcillin, and oxacillin

    Cephalosporins

    • Chemically and pharmacologically related to penicillins
    • Interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis, altering osmotic stability of growing bacterial cells
    • Various generations with varying Gram-positive and Gram-negative activities
    • Examples include cefazolin, cefaclor, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime, and cefepime

    Macrolides

    • Bacteriostatic antibiotics; inhibit protein synthesis
    • Commonly used for respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and skin infections, caused by gram-positive or some gram-negative bacteria
    • Examples: erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin

    Lincosamides

    • Inhibit protein synthesis, acting as both bacteriostatic and bactericidal
    • Examples: clindamycin, lincomycin
    • Adverse reactions include colitis and anaphylactic shock

    Vancomycin

    • Glycopeptide bactericidal antibiotic, used in the 1950s to treat staphylococcal infections
    • Adverse reactions: nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

    Tetracyclines

    • First broad spectrum antibiotics effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
    • Inhibit protein synthesis (bacteriostatic)
    • Not effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas; should not be taken with certain foods
    • Examples: tetracycline, oxytetracycline, demeclocycline, doxycycline, minocycline

    Aminoglycosides

    • Inhibit protein synthesis, acting as bactericidal agents
    • Effective against Gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli and Pseudomonas
    • Examples: gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, streptomycin, neomycin, amikacin

    Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones

    • Interfere with bacterial DNA gyrase, causing bacterial cell death
    • Bactericidal and effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms
    • Examples: ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin

    Sulfonamides

    • Bacteriostatic; inhibit bacterial folic acid synthesis
    • Used to treat urinary tract and ear infections
    • Varying duration of action (short, intermediate, long-acting)
    • Examples: sulfisoxazole, sulfadiazine, sulfamethizole, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

    Antiviral Drugs

    • Used to destroy, prevent, or delay the spread of viral infection
    • Examples: amantadine, acyclovir, vidarabine. ribavirin, and zidovudine

    Antifungal Drugs

    • Used to treat fungal infections
    • Various types of infections treated, varying types of drugs used
    • Examples: amphotericin B, nystatin, ketoconazole, fluconazole.

    Antiprotozoal Drugs

    • Treat protozoal infections
    • Examples: mefloquine, chloroquine, proguanil, doxycycline, metronidazole, tinidazole, and nifuratel.

    Antihelminthic Drugs

    • Treat worm infections
    • Examples: diethylcarbamazine, thiabendazole, pyrantel, praziquantel, and niclosamide

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    Handout 3A-2 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on antibiotics, specifically regarding penicillin derivatives and cephalosporins. This quiz covers mechanisms of action, side effects, and classifications of different generations of cephalosporins. Ideal for pharmacology students looking to reinforce their understanding of these critical medications.

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