Pharmacology: Antibiotics and Cephalosporins
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following antibiotics is NOT listed as an example of penicillin derivatives?

  • Mezlocillin
  • Carbenicillin
  • Cefuroxime (correct)
  • Piperacillin

Cephalosporins are generally ineffective against gram-positive bacteria.

False (B)

What is the mechanism of action for cephalosporins?

They interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Cefaclor is an example of a _________ generation cephalosporin.

<p>second</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of bactericidal drugs?

<p>Kill the bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cephalosporins with their generation:

<p>Cefazolin = First Generation Cefuroxime = Second Generation Cefradine = First Generation Cefoxitin = Second Generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acquired resistance occurs without prior exposure to an antibacterial drug.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can influence the effectiveness of cephalosporins?

<p>Tissue concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypersensitivity reactions are a common side effect of penicillin derivatives.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one example of a broad-spectrum antibiotic.

<p>Tetracycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

A __________ reaction to antibacterial drugs may include symptoms such as rash, hives, or anaphylactic shock.

<p>hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cephalosporin crosses the placenta and is used in treating meningitis?

<p>Cefuroxime</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of bacteria to their respective antibiotic spectrum:

<p>Penicillin = Narrow spectrum Tetracycline = Broad spectrum Erythromycin = Narrow spectrum Cephalosporins = Broad spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of superinfection during antibiotic therapy?

<p>Disturbance of normal microbial flora (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A culture and sensitivity test is performed to identify the effectiveness of a specific antibacterial drug.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibiotic is primarily effective against one type of organism?

<p>Narrow spectrum antibiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tetracyclines can be taken on an empty stomach?

<p>All except Doxycycline and Minocycline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Minocycline can irreversibly discolor the permanent teeth of children younger than 8 years old.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of tetracyclines?

<p>nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aminoglycosides are primarily used against gram - ______ such as E.coli.

<p>bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each aminoglycoside with its characteristic:

<p>Gentamicin = Used for serious infections Neomycin = Bowel antiseptic Amikacin = Effective against resistant strains Streptomycin = Treatment for tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What possible adverse reaction can occur with high doses of aminoglycosides?

<p>Nephrotoxicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quinolones are effective against only gram-negative organisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of quinolones?

<p>Interfering with DNA gyrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main action of Pyrantel in treating nematodes?

<p>Blocks acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Praziquantel is effective against nematodes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is commonly associated with Niclosamide?

<p>Malaise</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before drug therapy, it is important to collect ______ from patients.

<p>specimens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the drug to its primary usage:

<p>Pyrantel = Nematodes Praziquantel = Trematodes and Cestodes Niclosamide = Cestodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is introduced in 1971 and is used against Neisseria gonorrhea?

<p>Spectinomycin HCl (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is effective against influenza A but not influenza B?

<p>Amantidine HCl (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood dyscrasias are adverse effects related to penicillin use.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should clients who are allergic to penicillin do for safety?

<p>Wear a medic alert bracelet or necklace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antacids should be taken with sulfonamides to enhance absorption.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imipenem with Cilastatin Na is effective against gram ______ bacteria, including staph and pseudomonas.

<p>positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug is Ribavirin used to treat?

<p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in children and respiratory infections caused by influenza A and B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the antibiotic class with its nursing responsibility:

<p>Penicillin = Monitor liver function Macrolides = Check for ototoxicity Aminoglycosides = Administer IV over 30-45 mins Cephalosporins = Administer oral penicillin pre-meals or post-meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antiviral drugs prevent the _____ of the virus by inhibiting its replication.

<p>replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration for completing a prescribed course of antibiotic therapy?

<p>5-10 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the antiviral drugs with their corresponding conditions:

<p>Acyclovir = Genital herpes simplex I and II Amantidine HCl = Influenza A Vidarabine = Herpes simplex type I Ribavirin = Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tetracyclines should be stored in extreme heat and light.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is common to Acyclovir and Vidarabine?

<p>CNS disturbances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photosensitivity is a concern during the last trimester of pregnancy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nursing action should be taken to prevent crystalluria in clients taking sulfonamides?

<p>Administer the drug with extra fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the side effects associated with Amantidine HCl?

<p>CNS effects such as insomnia, depression, anxiety, confusion, and GIT disturbances like anorexia, nausea, and diarrhea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Antibacterial Drugs

Substances that inhibit the growth of or kill bacteria.

Bacteriostatic Drugs

Drugs that inhibit the growth of bacteria.

Bactericidal Drugs

Drugs that kill bacteria.

Natural/Inherent Resistance

Resistance to antibiotics that occurs naturally without prior exposure.

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Acquired Resistance

Resistance to antibiotics that develops after exposure.

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Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics

Antibiotics primarily effective against one type of organism.

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Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

Antibiotics effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

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Anaphylactic Shock

A severe allergic reaction to antibiotics involving vascular collapse, laryngeal edema, bronchospasm, and cardiac arrest.

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Cephalosporins

A group of antibiotics that work by disrupting bacterial cell wall synthesis, causing the bacteria to die. They are effective against various bacteria, including gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.

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First-generation cephalosporins

Cephalosporins are grouped into generations based on their spectrum of activity against different bacteria. First-generation cephalosporins are effective against a wider range of gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria.

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Examples of first-generation cephalosporins

Examples of first-generation cephalosporins include: Cephapirin, Cephradine, and Cefadroxil.

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Second-generation cephalosporins

Second-generation cephalosporins have a broader spectrum of activity, including a wider range of gram-negative bacteria. Some are resistant to beta-lactamases, enzymes that can break down antibiotics like penicillin.

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Examples of second-generation cephalosporins

Examples of second-generation cephalosporins include: Cefaclor (Ceclor), Cafamandole (Mandol), Cefoxitin, Cefonecid, and Cefuroxime.

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Cefuroxime and meningitis

Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin that is specifically used to treat meningitis, a serious bacterial infection of the brain and spinal cord.

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Pharmacokinetic profile of cephalosporins

The pharmacokinetic profile of cephalosporins refers to how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body.

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Half-life of cephalexin and cefazolin

Cephalexin has a half-life of 50 to 80 minutes, while cefazolin has a half-life of 90 to 150 minutes.

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Superinfection

A potentially serious complication of prolonged antibiotic use, characterized by an overgrowth of resistant organisms causing new infections

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Natural Resistance

A condition that occurs naturally without prior exposure to antibiotics

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Aminoglycosides

A group of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. They are effective against gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli and Pseudomonas. Examples include Amikacin, Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Netilmicin, Streptomycin, and Neomycin.

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Bacteriostatic

A type of antibiotic that inhibits the growth of bacteria.

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Bactericidal

A type of antibiotic that kills bacteria.

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Ototoxicity

A side effect of some antibiotics, particularly aminoglycosides, that can cause damage to the inner ear, leading to hearing loss, ringing in the ears, and problems with balance.

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Nephrotoxicity

A side effect of some antibiotics, particularly aminoglycosides, that can cause damage to the kidneys, leading to decreased kidney function and potential kidney failure.

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Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones

A group of antibiotics that interfere with the enzyme DNA gyrase, which is essential for bacterial DNA synthesis. They are bactericidal and effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.

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Tetracyclines

A class of antibiotics derived from Streptomyces. Examples include Tetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Demeclocycline, Doxycycline, and Minocycline. They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.

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How does Pyrantel work?

Pyrantel is an anti-parasitic medication that works by blocking acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction of worms, causing paralysis and expulsion from the gastrointestinal tract.

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What does Praziquantel target?

Praziquantel is used to treat infections caused by tapeworms and flukes but not roundworms (nematodes). It works by causing calcium leakage in the worms, leading to paralysis and expulsion.

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What is Niclosamide used for?

Niclosamide is a medication that effectively eliminates tapeworms (cestodes) by interfering with their anaerobic energy production.

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What are some common side effects of anti-parasitic medications?

Common side effects of these anti-parasitic medications include bitter taste, nausea, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, and sedation.

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What are some essential nursing responsibilities before administering anti-parasitic medications?

Nursing responsibilities before administering anti-parasitic medications include collecting patient's health history, reviewing medication history, collecting samples before treatment, administering medication as ordered, and ensuring the medication is taken with food to minimize gastrointestinal issues.

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Antiviral Drug

A drug that reduces the symptoms of viral infection or prevents the virus from spreading.

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Amantadine HCl

A type of antiviral drug that prevents the replication of influenza A virus. It is NOT effective against influenza B.

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Acyclovir

A type of antiviral drug that blocks the synthesis of viral DNA, thereby stopping the virus from multiplying.

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Ribavirin

A type of antiviral drug used to treat respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in children and respiratory infections caused by influenza A and B virus in the elderly.

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Vidarabine

An antiviral drug that works against herpes simplex type I, herpes zoster, and cytomegalovirus.

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Acyclovir

A type of antiviral drug that works against herpes simplex type I and II, herpes zoster (shingles), and CMV. It helps the body fight viral replication by stopping the virus from making DNA.

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Antiviral Antimetabolites

A group of antiviral drugs that work by interfering with the virus's ability to make essential molecules.

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CNS Disturbances

A side effect of certain antiviral drugs that can cause disturbances in the nervous system.

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Study Notes

Anti-Infective/Antibacterial Drugs

  • Substances that inhibit or kill bacteria
  • Bacteriostatic drugs inhibit bacterial growth
  • Bactericidal drugs kill bacteria

Mechanism of Antibacterial Action

  • Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis
  • Alteration of membrane permeability
  • Inhibition of protein synthesis
  • Interference with metabolism

Resistance to Antibacterial Drugs

  • Natural/Inherent Resistance: Occurs without prior exposure to the drug (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance to penicillin G)
  • Acquired Resistance: Develops due to prior exposure to the drug

Narrow and Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

  • Narrow Spectrum: Primarily effective against one type of organism (e.g., penicillin and erythromycin for gram-positive bacteria)
  • Broad Spectrum: Effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms (e.g., tetracycline and cephalosporins)

General Adverse Reactions to Antibacterials

  • Allergies/Hypersensitivity: Mild reactions (rash, hives) to severe reactions (anaphylactic shock)
  • Superinfections: Occur when normal microbial flora is disturbed during antibiotic therapy; often associated with broad-spectrum antibiotics

Penicillins

  • Natural antibacterial agent derived from the mold Penicillium
  • Considered a "miracle drug" during WWII
  • Various types, including penicillin G (poorly absorbed orally), penicillin V (less potent, orally administered), and benzathine penicillin G (long-acting, injected)

Broad Spectrum Penicillins

  • Effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
  • Costlier than penicillin
  • Examples include ampicillin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin-sulbactam (Unasyn)

Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins

  • Effective against penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus aureus
  • Examples include cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin, nafcillin, and oxacillin

Cephalosporins

  • Chemically and pharmacologically related to penicillins
  • Interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis, altering osmotic stability of growing bacterial cells
  • Various generations with varying Gram-positive and Gram-negative activities
  • Examples include cefazolin, cefaclor, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime, and cefepime

Macrolides

  • Bacteriostatic antibiotics; inhibit protein synthesis
  • Commonly used for respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and skin infections, caused by gram-positive or some gram-negative bacteria
  • Examples: erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin

Lincosamides

  • Inhibit protein synthesis, acting as both bacteriostatic and bactericidal
  • Examples: clindamycin, lincomycin
  • Adverse reactions include colitis and anaphylactic shock

Vancomycin

  • Glycopeptide bactericidal antibiotic, used in the 1950s to treat staphylococcal infections
  • Adverse reactions: nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

Tetracyclines

  • First broad spectrum antibiotics effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
  • Inhibit protein synthesis (bacteriostatic)
  • Not effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas; should not be taken with certain foods
  • Examples: tetracycline, oxytetracycline, demeclocycline, doxycycline, minocycline

Aminoglycosides

  • Inhibit protein synthesis, acting as bactericidal agents
  • Effective against Gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli and Pseudomonas
  • Examples: gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, streptomycin, neomycin, amikacin

Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones

  • Interfere with bacterial DNA gyrase, causing bacterial cell death
  • Bactericidal and effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms
  • Examples: ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin

Sulfonamides

  • Bacteriostatic; inhibit bacterial folic acid synthesis
  • Used to treat urinary tract and ear infections
  • Varying duration of action (short, intermediate, long-acting)
  • Examples: sulfisoxazole, sulfadiazine, sulfamethizole, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

Antiviral Drugs

  • Used to destroy, prevent, or delay the spread of viral infection
  • Examples: amantadine, acyclovir, vidarabine. ribavirin, and zidovudine

Antifungal Drugs

  • Used to treat fungal infections
  • Various types of infections treated, varying types of drugs used
  • Examples: amphotericin B, nystatin, ketoconazole, fluconazole.

Antiprotozoal Drugs

  • Treat protozoal infections
  • Examples: mefloquine, chloroquine, proguanil, doxycycline, metronidazole, tinidazole, and nifuratel.

Antihelminthic Drugs

  • Treat worm infections
  • Examples: diethylcarbamazine, thiabendazole, pyrantel, praziquantel, and niclosamide

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Handout 3A-2 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on antibiotics, specifically regarding penicillin derivatives and cephalosporins. This quiz covers mechanisms of action, side effects, and classifications of different generations of cephalosporins. Ideal for pharmacology students looking to reinforce their understanding of these critical medications.

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